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黨的(de)(de)(de)十九屆四中(zhong)(zhong)全會(hui)作出了堅持(chi)和(he)(he)完善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義制度(du)、推進國(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)系(xi)和(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能(neng)力現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)定。完善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色現(xian)代企業(ye)(ye)(ye)制度(du)，是堅持(chi)和(he)(he)完善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義制度(du)的(de)(de)(de)重要內(nei)容；健(jian)全國(guo)(guo)有企業(ye)(ye)(ye)公(gong)司法人治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)結構，是推進國(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)系(xi)和(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能(neng)力現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)題(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)應有之意。構建(jian)系(xi)統完備、科(ke)學規范、運行有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)制度(du)體(ti)系(xi)，把制度(du)優勢更(geng)好轉化為(wei)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)效(xiao)能(neng)，是我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有企業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)重要任務。在深化國(guo)(guo)有企業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革(ge)、建(jian)立完善現(xian)代企業(ye)(ye)(ye)制度(du)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，國(guo)(guo)務院國(guo)(guo)資(zi)委始終重視學習借鑒世界范圍內(nei)公(gong)司治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗成果(guo)，和(he)(he)新加坡淡馬錫公(gong)司進行了長期合(he)作交(jiao)流并多次組織中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)負(fu)責人實(shi)地考(kao)察(cha)。

45年里(li)，淡(dan)馬錫資(zi)(zi)產凈值增(zeng)長近千倍，復合年化股(gu)東總回報率為(wei)15%。作為(wei)一個單一國有(you)股(gu)東的企(qi)業(ye)能夠取得這(zhe)樣的成(cheng)就，在(zai)世界范圍內極為(wei)罕(han)見。近期(qi)，我(wo)有(you)幸參加(jia)了(le)國資(zi)(zi)委組織的淡(dan)馬錫董事論壇（第27期(qi)）。結(jie)合長期(qi)對淡(dan)馬錫的研(yan)究思(si)考和此(ci)次(ci)實地考察學習(xi)，我(wo)認為(wei)，淡(dan)馬錫在(zai)堅持政企(qi)分開、明確功能定位、強化多元化決策、堅持投資(zi)(zi)收益最大(da)化方面有(you)深入探索，形成(cheng)了(le)協調運轉、有(you)效制衡(heng)的公(gong)司(si)法(fa)人治理(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou)，對國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)尤其是(shi)中(zhong)央企(qi)業(ye)完善公(gong)司(si)治理(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou)有(you)一定啟發意義。

一、堅持政企分開，清晰對國有企業授權邊界

1、新加坡(po)政(zheng)府和淡馬錫的(de)(de)“一(yi)臂之距(ju)”。政(zheng)府和企業的(de)(de)關系是(shi)國有企業管理的(de)(de)世(shi)界性(xing)難(nan)題。新加坡(po)國有企業也(ye)經歷過政(zheng)企不分(fen)的(de)(de)階段(duan)，后來(lai)新加坡(po)以淡馬錫為核心(xin)進行了政(zheng)企分(fen)開的(de)(de)改(gai)革，改(gai)革關鍵是(shi)政(zheng)府和企業保持恰當(dang)距(ju)離(li)，這個距(ju)離(li)被稱為“一(yi)臂之距(ju)”。

首先，政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)對(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)控通過法律來(lai)實(shi)現。淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)是根據新加坡憲(xian)法而成立(li)的(de)(de)(de)一家(jia)機構，有(you)特定的(de)(de)(de)憲(xian)法條(tiao)(tiao)款保護淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)積累的(de)(de)(de)儲備金(jin)。其(qi)次，政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)對(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理有(you)著清晰的(de)(de)(de)鏈條(tiao)(tiao)。淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)股權結構非常(chang)簡單，新加坡財(cai)(cai)政(zheng)部對(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)實(shi)行專管(guan)(guan)，切斷了(le)其(qi)他政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)部門對(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)可能的(de)(de)(de)干(gan)擾。最后(hou)，財(cai)(cai)政(zheng)部對(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)控是清單式的(de)(de)(de)股東行為，除確定淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)董(dong)事(shi)會成員和總裁，審查淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)業績表(biao)現外，其(qi)余權力基本上授予了(le)董(dong)事(shi)會。

2、清(qing)晰(xi)授(shou)權、政(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)(qi)分開是深(shen)化我國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業改革的(de)(de)(de)重點。在世(shi)界范圍內，政(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)(qi)不分是國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業管(guan)理中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)通病(bing)。淡(dan)馬錫執行董事兼CEO何(he)晶認為(wei)：“政(zheng)(zheng)府一開始就讓(rang)淡(dan)馬錫獨立運作，政(zheng)(zheng)府不干涉企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)專業化經營和經營策略(lve)的(de)(de)(de)制定，是新加坡國(guo)有(you)(you)經濟成功的(de)(de)(de)關鍵。世(shi)界上很多企(qi)(qi)業之(zhi)所以失敗，是因為(wei)它們(men)無法成功的(de)(de)(de)理清(qing)控股責任和管(guan)理責任之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)關系。”同樣，中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業70年的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展歷史中(zhong)，如(ru)何(he)更好(hao)地處理好(hao)政(zheng)(zheng)府和企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)關系一直(zhi)是困擾國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)難題之(zhi)一。

黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十八大(da)以來，黨(dang)中央、國(guo)(guo)務院相繼發(fa)(fa)布了《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)全面深化改(gai)(gai)(gai)革若干重大(da)問題的(de)(de)(de)決定》《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)深化國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)指導意(yi)(yi)見》《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革和(he)完善國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資產管(guan)理體制的(de)(de)(de)若干意(yi)(yi)見》《改(gai)(gai)(gai)革國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資本授權(quan)經(jing)營體制方案》等(deng)文件，都要求(qiu)依法(fa)理順政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府與國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)出資關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)，促使國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)真(zhen)正成為依法(fa)自(zi)(zi)主經(jing)營、自(zi)(zi)負盈(ying)虧、自(zi)(zi)擔風(feng)險、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)約束、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)立市(shi)場主體。可(ke)以說(shuo)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)企分(fen)開(kai)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)資分(fen)開(kai)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)深化改(gai)(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵之(zhi)一。新加坡對淡馬錫的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)單(dan)(dan)式、法(fa)律(lv)式的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理，對我(wo)們有(you)(you)啟(qi)發(fa)(fa)意(yi)(yi)義(yi)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)企分(fen)開(kai)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)資分(fen)開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)徹底(di)斷開(kai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府和(he)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)，而是(shi)(shi)明(ming)確出資關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)、委托代理關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)、授權(quan)邊界等(deng)，確立國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場主體地位，最大(da)限(xian)度降低政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府對市(shi)場運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)直接干預。貫(guan)徹落(luo)實十九屆四(si)中全會的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，當(dang)前(qian)需要重點考慮將權(quan)責(ze)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本原(yuan)則轉化為可(ke)操作細則，通過法(fa)律(lv)、章(zhang)程或者清(qing)單(dan)(dan)明(ming)確權(quan)力邊界。

二、做實多元化董事會，實現權力制衡

1、淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)著實(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)(li)。淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做(zuo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)。淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)成員(yuan)和總經(jing)理(li)由提(ti)(ti)名(ming)委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)向新(xin)加(jia)坡財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)提(ti)(ti)名(ming)，由財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)向總統提(ti)(ti)名(ming)，最(zui)后由總統批準。淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)擁有(you)(you)實(shi)(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)三(san)個(ge)方面(mian)：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)重大(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)項上有(you)(you)著實(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)(ding)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，包括治(zhi)理(li)、對股(gu)(gu)東(dong)負責、制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)長(chang)遠戰略、選擇經(jing)理(li)層(ceng)(ceng)、通(tong)過股(gu)(gu)東(dong)大(da)會(hui)(hui)對投(tou)(tou)資公(gong)司(si)行使股(gu)(gu)東(dong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)(li)。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)組成多(duo)(duo)元，董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)源于政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府官員(yuan)、下屬企(qi)業(ye)領袖(xiu)(xiu)和社會(hui)(hui)商業(ye)人士，且獨立(li)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)外部(bu)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)占絕對多(duo)(duo)數(shu)地位，相當一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)來(lai)自于新(xin)加(jia)坡之外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨國(guo)(guo)公(gong)司(si)領袖(xiu)(xiu)。這(zhe)種設(she)計(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對西(xi)方公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)理(li)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)突破，淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)并(bing)非是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)決定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，本質是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)治(zhi)理(li)多(duo)(duo)元化而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)多(duo)(duo)元化。三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)元化體(ti)(ti)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)(li)分(fen)配和制(zhi)衡(heng)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)角(jiao)色有(you)(you)著制(zhi)衡(heng)細則：董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)和總裁由不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同人擔任(ren)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)和副董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)只(zhi)能(neng)來(lai)自獨立(li)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)來(lai)自股(gu)(gu)東(dong)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和執(zhi)行董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)和副董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)加(jia)入審計(ji)委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)擔任(ren)領袖(xiu)(xiu)與薪酬委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)主席；執(zhi)行董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)僅一(yi)(yi)人且需兼任(ren)淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)總裁；總裁不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)加(jia)入審計(ji)委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)；股(gu)(gu)東(dong)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)參與領袖(xiu)(xiu)培育與薪酬委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)票出(chu)現(xian)平局時有(you)(you)二(er)次(ci)投(tou)(tou)票權(quan)(quan)(quan)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)決定(ding)(ding)性投(tou)(tou)票。這(zhe)些(xie)復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度設(she)計(ji)，形(xing)成了制(zhi)衡(heng)甚至監督。和西(xi)方國(guo)(guo)家(jia)大(da)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)分(fen)錢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，做(zuo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)多(duo)(duo)元化或(huo)(huo)管理(li)層(ceng)(ceng)持股(gu)(gu)，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過多(duo)(duo)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)治(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)元化。整體(ti)(ti)來(lai)看，淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)雖(sui)無(wu)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府授權(quan)(quan)(quan)而有(you)(you)實(shi)(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)多(duo)(duo)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組成，運作中形(xing)成了明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)(li)制(zhi)衡(heng)，和經(jing)理(li)層(ceng)(ceng)權(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)(li)邊界非常清(qing)晰。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)值(zhi)得(de)我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)建設(she)學(xue)習(xi)借(jie)鑒(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方面(mian)。

2、董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)建設的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)多元化(hua)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)。從世界(jie)(jie)(jie)范(fan)圍(wei)來看，公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)建設的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐是(shi)(shi)(shi)多樣的(de)(de)(de)。可以看到，英(ying)美(mei)式(shi)(shi)、德式(shi)(shi)、日式(shi)(shi)、新式(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)各(ge)不相同。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)完善公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)結(jie)構到了(le)新的(de)(de)(de)階(jie)段，形式(shi)(shi)已經(jing)不再成(cheng)為問題，關鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)揮(hui)實(shi)(shi)效。建立董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)就要(yao)有(you)授權(quan)(quan)，或大(da)或小都需(xu)要(yao)堅決(jue)清晰的(de)(de)(de)授權(quan)(quan)，董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)科學決(jue)策一方面(mian)取決(jue)于董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)多元組成(cheng)，一方面(mian)取決(jue)于董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效制衡(heng)。當前需(xu)要(yao)繼續解決(jue)“內(nei)部(bu)人(ren)(ren)控制”、外(wai)部(bu)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)難以發(fa)揮(hui)作用的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)管理(li)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)黨和人(ren)(ren)民(min)把國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)資產交給企(qi)業(ye)(ye)領導(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)經(jing)營管理(li)。黨委成(cheng)員(yuan)也(ye)好、董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)好、經(jing)理(li)層也(ye)好，本質(zhi)上都是(shi)(shi)(shi)黨派來的(de)(de)(de)干部(bu)。一股獨大(da)但不能(neng)(neng)個別(bie)人(ren)(ren)說了(le)算，關鍵(jian)并不是(shi)(shi)(shi)股權(quan)(quan)多元化(hua)而是(shi)(shi)(shi)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)多元化(hua)，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)主集(ji)中(zhong)制的(de)(de)(de)本質(zhi)體(ti)現(xian)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)或中(zhong)央企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)落實(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)功能(neng)(neng)界(jie)(jie)(jie)定和分(fen)類基礎上做實(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)，首先要(yao)優化(hua)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)組成(cheng)，如果(guo)還(huan)無法全(quan)球(qiu)選(xuan)擇、至少要(yao)全(quan)黨選(xuan)擇、全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)選(xuan)擇。其(qi)次要(yao)賦予董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)權(quan)(quan)力(li)，讓董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)可以在(zai)授權(quan)(quan)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)自主決(jue)定，要(yao)把董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長和總經(jing)理(li)權(quan)(quan)力(li)邊界(jie)(jie)(jie)分(fen)清楚。最后要(yao)完善董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)各(ge)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)委員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)并授予其(qi)實(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)在(zai)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)力(li)，使其(qi)能(neng)(neng)夠負起應有(you)的(de)(de)(de)責任。

三、堅持“管資本”，推動國有企業市場化商業化運作

1、商(shang)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)運(yun)作的(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)收(shou)益(yi)和資(zi)(zi)本(ben)回報是檢驗國有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)改革(ge)(ge)發展成效(xiao)的(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)清晰的(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。淡馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)在世(shi)界(jie)(jie)上引以為傲的(de)是其(qi)40多年來較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)回報。淡馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)成立之初就把商(shang)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)運(yun)作和投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)收(shou)益(yi)最(zui)大(da)化(hua)作為基本(ben)目標(biao)(biao)，雖然在早期要兼顧更多社會(hui)責任，但在近年來已經(jing)徹底轉(zhuan)型成為一家投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)。淡馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)提出的(de)轉(zhuan)型中(zhong)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)體、增長中(zhong)的(de)中(zhong)產階級、顯著(zhu)的(de)比較(jiao)優勢、新(xin)興的(de)龍頭企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)等四大(da)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)主題，和以壽(shou)命延長、財(cai)富(fu)增加(jia)、可持(chi)續生(sheng)活方式、智(zhi)能系統、共享經(jing)濟(ji)、世(shi)界(jie)(jie)互(hu)聯互(hu)通等六(liu)大(da)趨勢為依據的(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)策略(lve)，對國有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)尤(you)其(qi)是中(zhong)央企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)著(zhu)很強的(de)借鑒(jian)意義。這就值(zhi)得我們深思，國有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)改革(ge)(ge)發展如(ru)何堅持(chi)遵循(xun)市場經(jing)濟(ji)規律和企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)發展規律，不斷(duan)提升資(zi)(zi)本(ben)配置效(xiao)率，強化(hua)“管資(zi)(zi)本(ben)”改革(ge)(ge)？

2、市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)是推動(dong)(dong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)本合理流動(dong)(dong)優(you)化(hua)(hua)配(pei)置的(de)基(ji)礎。2015年中(zhong)共(gong)(gong)中(zhong)央(yang)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)院《關于深化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改革的(de)指導意(yi)見(jian)》指出：堅(jian)持(chi)權(quan)利(li)、義(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)、責任相統一，堅(jian)持(chi)激勵機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)約束機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相結合，促使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)真正成為依法自(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)經營(ying)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)負盈虧、自(zi)(zi)(zi)擔風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)我約束、自(zi)(zi)(zi)我發(fa)展的(de)獨(du)立市場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體。這既是社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市場(chang)(chang)經濟(ji)改革的(de)要(yao)求，也是深化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改革發(fa)展的(de)規律(lv)。市場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體把(ba)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)收(shou)益(yi)和(he)(he)(he)資(zi)本回(hui)報(bao)視(shi)為根本目標，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)例外。“管(guan)資(zi)本”是通過(guo)(guo)市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)的(de)方(fang)式實(shi)現戰略(lve)(lve)目標。當(dang)前(qian)需(xu)要(yao)在國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功能(neng)定位和(he)(he)(he)分類改革的(de)基(ji)礎上強化(hua)(hua)市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)運作。在實(shi)際中(zhong)，公(gong)共(gong)(gong)利(li)益(yi)、公(gong)共(gong)(gong)服務(wu)(wu)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)戰略(lve)(lve)和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)效益(yi)本質上并無(wu)本質矛(mao)盾。只有(you)(you)堅(jian)持(chi)市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)運作，把(ba)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)收(shou)益(yi)和(he)(he)(he)資(zi)本回(hui)報(bao)放在主(zhu)要(yao)位置，才能(neng)形成對(dui)(dui)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)類國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)清晰授(shou)權(quan)，完(wan)善激勵約束機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，讓國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)尤(you)其(qi)是商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)類國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)走(zou)向(xiang)市場(chang)(chang)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)本投(tou)(tou)資(zi)運營(ying)公(gong)司的(de)戰略(lve)(lve)任務(wu)(wu)就是優(you)化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)本重點投(tou)(tou)資(zi)方(fang)向(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)領(ling)域(yu)，調整國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)本向(xiang)關系國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)安全(quan)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)民經濟(ji)命脈和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)計民生(sheng)的(de)關鍵領(ling)域(yu)、重要(yao)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、重點基(ji)礎設施集(ji)中(zhong)，向(xiang)前(qian)瞻性(xing)戰略(lve)(lve)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)中(zhong)，向(xiang)具(ju)有(you)(you)核心競爭(zheng)力的(de)優(you)勢企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)中(zhong)。當(dang)前(qian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)(dui)資(zi)本控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力理解不(bu)(bu)(bu)深、運用不(bu)(bu)(bu)熟，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)本過(guo)(guo)多沉淀(dian)在傳統行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)甚至(zhi)過(guo)(guo)剩產(chan)能(neng)之中(zhong)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)本流動(dong)(dong)的(de)靈活(huo)性(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足，在一些新興的(de)重要(yao)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)重要(yao)領(ling)域(yu)競爭(zheng)力、創新力、控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力、影響力、抗風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)力明顯(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足，在前(qian)瞻性(xing)戰略(lve)(lve)性(xing)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)上缺乏主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)冒(mao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)精神(shen)。破解這些問題，需(xu)要(yao)以(yi)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)的(de)思(si)維和(he)(he)(he)方(fang)式，把(ba)握社會(hui)發(fa)展趨勢、把(ba)握全(quan)球發(fa)展機遇。

四、堅持實事求是，不斷深化國有企業改革

1、國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)重要內容。從(cong)世(shi)界(jie)范(fan)圍來(lai)看(kan)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)組成(cheng)部(bu)分，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)水(shui)(shui)平和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)環境息息相(xiang)(xiang)關。2019年(nian)10月9日，世(shi)界(jie)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)論壇發布的(de)(de)《全球競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)報告(gao)》，對全球141個(ge)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)進行(xing)(xing)競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)綜合評價，新(xin)加坡躍(yue)居第一名，其優(you)秀的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)設(she)計和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能力(li)、行(xing)(xing)之有效(xiao)的(de)(de)創辦企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)方法是(shi)(shi)(shi)關鍵成(cheng)功(gong)因素(su)。可(ke)以清(qing)楚(chu)地(di)看(kan)到(dao)，西方發達國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)完(wan)(wan)善(shan)和(he)西方國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)發展呈現出正相(xiang)(xiang)關，新(xin)加坡淡馬錫等國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)較高的(de)(de)管理(li)水(shui)(shui)平是(shi)(shi)(shi)建立在新(xin)加坡整體(ti)較高水(shui)(shui)平的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)基礎之上(shang)。也可(ke)以看(kan)到(dao)，發展中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)出現的(de)(de)種種問題(ti)，都和(he)其國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)水(shui)(shui)平有著直(zhi)接的(de)(de)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)。新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立70年(nian)來(lai)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨(dang)(dang)領導(dao)人(ren)民(min)(min)創造(zao)了(le)世(shi)所罕見的(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)快(kuai)速(su)發展奇跡和(he)社(she)會長(chang)期(qi)穩定奇跡，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)族迎來(lai)了(le)從(cong)站起(qi)來(lai)、富起(qi)來(lai)到(dao)強(qiang)起(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)偉大(da)飛躍(yue)，充分證明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色社(she)會主義制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有強(qiang)大(da)生命力(li)和(he)巨大(da)優(you)越(yue)性的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)。我們堅信在這(zhe)個(ge)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)之內的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)必然能夠完(wan)(wan)善(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色現代(dai)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、完(wan)(wan)善(shan)公司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)結構(gou)。黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)十(shi)九屆四中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全會做(zuo)出了(le)堅持和(he)完(wan)(wan)善(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色社(she)會主義制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、推進國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能力(li)現代(dai)化若干重大(da)問題(ti)的(de)(de)決定，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)需要構(gou)建系(xi)(xi)統完(wan)(wan)備、科學規范(fan)、運行(xing)(xing)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，把制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)優(you)勢更好轉化為企(qi)業(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)效(xiao)能。

2、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改革發展必(bi)須立足中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)際(ji)。淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)以(yi)投資(zi)收(shou)益最大(da)化(hua)為根(gen)本目的(de)(de)(de)，在實(shi)現全球布局之后，其運作(zuo)(zuo)完全遵(zun)循市場化(hua)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)運作(zuo)(zuo)規(gui)(gui)則。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)定(ding)位的(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)性遠非淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)可(ke)以(yi)比擬。也就是(shi)說(shuo)，淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)的(de)(de)(de)發展經(jing)(jing)驗，部分(fen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)可(ke)以(yi)全面借鑒(jian)(jian)，部分(fen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)只能(neng)(neng)(neng)局部借鑒(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)方法和(he)策略根(gen)本難以(yi)借鑒(jian)(jian)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)委(wei)(wei)黨委(wei)(wei)書(shu)記、主任郝(hao)鵬指出，“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)已經(jing)(jing)進(jin)入(ru)了(le)資(zi)產資(zi)本化(hua)、股權多元化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)發展階段(duan)，對國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)獨(du)資(zi)、全資(zi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)模(mo)式(shi)已經(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)適(shi)(shi)用(yong)于國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)控股、參股企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，對境內國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)模(mo)式(shi)也已經(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)適(shi)(shi)用(yong)于‘走出去’的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”可(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)龐大(da)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產和(he)多樣的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，改革并非處(chu)(chu)在同(tong)一(yi)(yi)條起跑線上，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)處(chu)(chu)在1.0階段(duan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)在2.0階段(duan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)到了(le)3.0階段(duan)，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)尺子一(yi)(yi)個(ge)標(biao)準肯(ken)定(ding)解決不(bu)(bu)了(le)問題(ti)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)指望一(yi)(yi)個(ge)模(mo)式(shi)就能(neng)(neng)(neng)解決中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)問題(ti)。必(bi)須結合中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)際(ji)，堅持政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)開(kai)、統一(yi)(yi)監(jian)管的(de)(de)(de)基本原則，把握國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)界定(ding)和(he)分(fen)類(lei)，遵(zun)循功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)定(ding)位目標(biao)導向的(de)(de)(de)基本規(gui)(gui)律，實(shi)事求是(shi)推進(jin)改革。

3、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)必(bi)須(xu)把握協調(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)司治(zhi)(zhi)理本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)。必(bi)須(xu)看到(dao)，世界(jie)范(fan)圍內(nei)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)運作(zuo)實質(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)顯著(zhu)差異，淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)和(he)歐美德日等(deng)國(guo)家企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)顯著(zhu)差異，甚至說淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對產權(quan)理論、股份制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)突破(po)。淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關人(ren)士認為，其(qi)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)委托少數(shu)幾個人(ren)去(qu)指揮(hui)千軍(jun)萬(wan)馬(ma)，關鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)實現授權(quan)與問責的(de)(de)(de)平衡(heng)、實現董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)和(he)經理層各(ge)司其(qi)職。我們要(yao)(yao)從不(bu)同形式(shi)背(bei)后看到(dao)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)：大型(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理是(shi)(shi)(shi)權(quan)力(li)分(fen)配，是(shi)(shi)(shi)形成協調(diao)運轉、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)制(zhi)(zhi)衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)體制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)建設(she)(she)必(bi)須(xu)從這(zhe)個本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)出發，分(fen)析不(bu)同董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)、分(fen)析公(gong)司治(zhi)(zhi)理的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)。具體來說，西方國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，我國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)發揮(hui)領導作(zuo)用(yong)，“把方向、管(guan)大局、保落(luo)實”，依照規定討論和(he)決定企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)重大事(shi)(shi)(shi)項，在這(zhe)種(zhong)情況(kuang)下，哪一種(zhong)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)模式(shi)都不(bu)能(neng)直(zhi)接(jie)套用(yong)。國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)管(guan)理，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)和(he)人(ren)民把國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資產委托企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領導人(ren)員經營管(guan)理。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)委托就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)信(xin)任，但(dan)信(xin)任不(bu)能(neng)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)監(jian)督；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)授權(quan)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)力(li)清單和(he)邊界(jie)，權(quan)力(li)不(bu)能(neng)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)監(jian)督、權(quan)力(li)不(bu)能(neng)導向“關鍵(jian)少數(shu)”獨斷專(zhuan)行(xing)，要(yao)(yao)通過(guo)建立健全和(he)強化企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)管(guan)理中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)“明(ming)規則(ze)”，讓“潛規則(ze)”失去(qu)存在的(de)(de)(de)土壤。因此，國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)理本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“一股獨大”根本(ben)(ben)約束(shu)下尋求(qiu)實現治(zhi)(zhi)理制(zhi)(zhi)衡(heng)化、決策多元化或者(zhe)，或者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)堅持民主(zhu)集中(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)(zhi)原則(ze)，探索建設(she)(she)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)并發揮(hui)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，探索黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)融入公(gong)司治(zhi)(zhi)理。

淡馬錫(xi)在(zai)很多方面值得中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業借鑒，但最大(da)的啟發或(huo)許還是透過現(xian)象把(ba)握本(ben)質，按照習近平(ping)總書(shu)記對國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業“完善治理，強(qiang)化激(ji)勵，突出主(zhu)業，提高效率”的總體要求，實事(shi)(shi)求是尋(xun)求解決(jue)我們實際問(wen)題的靈丹妙(miao)藥。（中國(guo)(guo)通號集(ji)團(tuan)黨委(wei)副(fu)書(shu)記、執行董事(shi)(shi) 楊永勝(sheng)）