文章來(lai)源：《國(guo)資報告》雜志 發布時間：2019-12-11
2018年5月11日召開的(de)(de)中(zhong)央全(quan)面(mian)深化改革(ge)委(wei)員(yuan)會第二(er)次會議審議通(tong)過了《中(zhong)央企業領(ling)(ling)導人員(yuan)管理(li)規定》，為新時代中(zhong)國特色社(she)會主義(yi)背景(jing)下，如何加(jia)強黨對中(zhong)央企業的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導、如何實現中(zhong)央企業領(ling)(ling)導人員(yuan)作用的(de)(de)充分(fen)發揮(hui)，作出了全(quan)面(mian)的(de)(de)規定，是建立(li)和完(wan)善中(zhong)國特色現代國有企業制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)頂層設計與微觀規制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)基本規范。
“尚賢者，政之(zhi)本也”。經(jing)過新中(zhong)國(guo)建立以來(lai)尤(you)其是(shi)改革(ge)開放40年(nian)以來(lai)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，我(wo)國(guo)已(yi)經(jing)建立起比較完(wan)善的(de)社(she)會(hui)主義市場經(jing)濟體制，國(guo)民經(jing)濟和(he)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)取(qu)得了(le)長足的(de)進步。但是(shi)，這些(xie)進步與(yu)我(wo)們的(de)改革(ge)目標相比還有差(cha)距(ju)。當(dang)前，我(wo)國(guo)社(she)會(hui)主要矛盾(dun)已(yi)經(jing)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)了(le)變化，面臨的(de)國(guo)內國(guo)際形勢(shi)都更加復雜，在這種情(qing)況(kuang)下，加強和(he)完(wan)善中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)領導(dao)人(ren)員的(de)選拔和(he)管理，就成(cheng)為決定國(guo)家未來(lai)經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重要基(ji)礎性(xing)工作。
毛(mao)澤東同志曾(ceng)說：“政(zheng)治路線確定之后，干部就(jiu)是決定的(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)(su)”。2016年(nian)10月，習近平(ping)總書記在(zai)全國(guo)國(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)黨(dang)的(de)(de)建設工作(zuo)會(hui)議上強調(diao)：堅持(chi)黨(dang)組織對國(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)選(xuan)人(ren)(ren)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)和(he)(he)把(ba)關作(zuo)用(yong)不能變，著力培養一(yi)支宏(hong)大的(de)(de)高素(su)(su)質(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)隊伍。十九大報告明確指出，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特色社(she)會(hui)主義最(zui)本質(zhi)的(de)(de)特征是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共產(chan)黨(dang)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)，黨(dang)政(zheng)軍民學，東西南(nan)北(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，黨(dang)是領(ling)(ling)導(dao)一(yi)切的(de)(de)。新時代加強黨(dang)的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)的(de)(de)重要抓手，就(jiu)是堅持(chi)黨(dang)管(guan)干部原則。2009年(nian)11月，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)辦(ban)公廳、國(guo)務院辦(ban)公廳印發(fa)(fa)了《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)管(guan)理(li)暫行規定》，就(jiu)是要造就(jiu)高素(su)(su)質(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)隊伍，實(shi)現國(guo)有(you)資產(chan)保值增值和(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)又好又快發(fa)(fa)展。現在(zai)在(zai)黨(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)下修訂出臺《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)管(guan)理(li)規定》，就(jiu)是在(zai)總結經驗(yan)的(de)(de)基礎上，推出比較(jiao)成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)選(xuan)拔、激勵和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)規范，使中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)能夠切實(shi)履行職責，實(shi)現國(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)做強做優做大的(de)(de)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)改革和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展目標。
黨(dang)管(guan)(guan)干(gan)部(bu)，需要加強(qiang)(qiang)制度創新。《規定》就是黨(dang)對中央企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制度的不斷完(wan)善，是重要的制度創新。加強(qiang)(qiang)黨(dang)對中央企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的管(guan)(guan)理(li)，不是要把國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)死，讓我(wo)們的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)噤若寒蟬(chan)、唯唯諾(nuo)諾(nuo)、不敢作為(wei)。而是要在保證打造出一(yi)支(zhi)對黨(dang)忠誠、勇于(yu)創新、治企(qi)(qi)(qi)有方、興企(qi)(qi)(qi)有為(wei)、清正廉(lian)潔的高素(su)質專業(ye)化(hua)中央企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)隊(dui)伍的基礎上，激(ji)發(fa)和保護企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)家精神，使中央企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)別于(yu)黨(dang)政領(ling)導(dao)(dao)干(gan)部(bu)，形(xing)(xing)成能領(ling)導(dao)(dao)中央企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)更好(hao)地適應社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)(yi)市場(chang)經濟的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)家群體，成為(wei)實現我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經濟由高速增長(chang)向高質量增長(chang)的領(ling)頭人(ren)(ren)。這一(yi)新時(shi)代中央企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)群體將是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)中國(guo)(guo)特色社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)(yi)建(jian)設的中堅力量。這一(yi)群體的形(xing)(xing)成，必將極大提高我(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的競爭力和引領(ling)力。
十八屆三中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)(quan)會(hui)通(tong)過(guo)了《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)關于(yu)全(quan)(quan)面(mian)深化(hua)改革(ge)若干(gan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)》，《決定(ding)》明確指出：經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)體制(zhi)改革(ge)是(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)面(mian)深化(hua)改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點，核(he)心問(wen)題(ti)是(shi)(shi)處理好政(zheng)府(fu)和市場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)，是(shi)(shi)市場(chang)(chang)在資源配置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)起決定(ding)性作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)和更好發揮政(zheng)府(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。這一重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)判斷(duan)，將我國(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)體制(zhi)改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)認識推向(xiang)了一個新的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)。同時，習近平總書記就《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)關于(yu)全(quan)(quan)面(mian)深化(hua)改革(ge)若干(gan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)》向(xiang)全(quan)(quan)會(hui)所作(zuo)說(shuo)明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指出，國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)推進國(guo)(guo)家現代(dai)化(hua)、保障人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共同利益的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要力(li)量(liang)。經(jing)(jing)過(guo)多年改革(ge)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總體上已經(jing)(jing)同市場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)相融合(he)(he)。因此(ci)，究其實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質，“政(zheng)府(fu)和市場(chang)(chang)”的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)具體落實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐層面(mian)，就是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與市場(chang)(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。因此(ci)，《規定(ding)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)(ti)出對(dui)(dui)敢于(yu)負責(ze)、勇于(yu)擔(dan)當、善于(yu)作(zuo)為、業(ye)(ye)(ye)績突出的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)，應(ying)當及(ji)時提(ti)(ti)拔重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)，激勵中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)講擔(dan)當、重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)擔(dan)當；建立(li)容錯(cuo)糾(jiu)錯(cuo)機(ji)制(zhi)，引導(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)爭當改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)促(cu)進派、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)干(gan)家；堅持物質激勵與精神激勵相結合(he)(he)、短期激勵與任(ren)期激勵相結合(he)(he)等(deng)措(cuo)施(shi)，激發企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)創新活力(li)和創業(ye)(ye)(ye)動力(li)。這些(xie)措(cuo)施(shi)，都是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)建設適應(ying)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色社(she)會(hui)主義市場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)發展要求的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)家隊伍的(de)(de)(de)正向(xiang)激勵，是(shi)(shi)將黨管干(gan)部原則與市場(chang)(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)相統一的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)事制(zhi)度(du)改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)成(cheng)果。
國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)尤其是(shi)中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，是(shi)中(zhong)國特色社(she)會(hui)主義制(zhi)度的根本保(bao)障，是(shi)國民(min)經濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)展和(he)人(ren)(ren)民(min)利益的重(zhong)要(yao)力(li)量，積極探(tan)索對中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)領(ling)頭人(ren)(ren)的管理規范，是(shi)保(bao)證國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在新時代更(geng)好(hao)發(fa)揮引領(ling)作(zuo)用(yong)的關鍵；而(er)為了(le)(le)(le)社(she)會(hui)主義市場(chang)經濟(ji)體制(zhi)的成熟，讓國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)更(geng)好(hao)地在世界市場(chang)經濟(ji)大(da)潮中(zhong)拼搏，離不開(kai)具有(you)“紅色”心(xin)(xin)臟、體魄健康、人(ren)(ren)格(ge)健全(quan)、能力(li)卓越的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)家隊伍。所以，《中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)領(ling)導人(ren)(ren)員管理規定》的出(chu)(chu)臺(tai)，無疑是(shi)為全(quan)面深化(hua)改革的核心(xin)(xin)任務(wu)提出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)(le)全(quan)新方案(an)，實現了(le)(le)(le)黨管干部和(he)發(fa)揮市場(chang)機制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)的有(you)機統一，也(ye)將為我國培育(yu)出(chu)(chu)具有(you)全(quan)球競(jing)爭力(li)的世界一流企(qi)業(ye)(ye)筑牢了(le)(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)才之(zhi)基，這是(shi)實現中(zhong)華民(min)族偉大(da)復(fu)興(xing)中(zhong)國夢的基礎(chu)性工程。
當然(ran)，再好的制度(du)或(huo)規定(ding)，要發(fa)揮出(chu)應有的作用，不(bu)僅需要落實，還需要能夠不(bu)斷(duan)糾錯和完善。《中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)領導人(ren)員管(guan)理規定(ding)》也需要在執行過程(cheng)中(zhong)不(bu)斷(duan)發(fa)現問題、發(fa)現落實的難點和缺(que)陷，注意(yi)區分行政干(gan)部(bu)和企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)理者的差別(bie)，形成(cheng)具(ju)有中(zhong)國特色、又符合企(qi)業(ye)家一(yi)般要求的科(ke)學的考評體(ti)系，為中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)領導人(ren)減(jian)負松(song)綁(bang)、激發(fa)活力，真正(zheng)使《規定(ding)》簡便易行、有效(xiao)管(guan)用。(中(zhong)國人(ren)民大學教(jiao)授、國務院參事室特約研究(jiu)員 張旭)