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在我國，90%的(de)(de)(de)300米以(yi)上(shang)摩天大(da)樓、3/4的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點機(ji)場、3/4的(de)(de)(de)衛星發射基(ji)地(di)、1/3的(de)(de)(de)城市綜合管廊、1/2的(de)(de)(de)核電站是(shi)由(you)中國建筑投(tou)資建設，而你可能不知道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，近年來中國建筑已從陸上(shang)發展到深海(hai)。2017年底，洋(yang)山深水(shui)港(gang)四期工程即將開(kai)港(gang)試運行，屆時(shi)擁(yong)有7個大(da)型深水(shui)泊位的(de)(de)(de)洋(yang)山港(gang)四期將成(cheng)為世界最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)自動化集裝箱碼頭(tou)。

洋山(shan)(shan)深水(shui)(shui)港(gang)是(shi)世界最大(da)的(de)海(hai)島型(xing)人工深水(shui)(shui)港(gang)，也是(shi)建(jian)設(she)上海(hai)國(guo)際航運(yun)中心的(de)戰略和樞紐型(xing)工程。洋山(shan)(shan)港(gang)全面建(jian)成(cheng)后，將助推上海(hai)港(gang)年(nian)集裝箱吞(tun)(tun)(tun)吐量突破4000萬(wan)TEU（標(biao)準(zhun)箱），這個數字(zi)超過了(le)(le)美國(guo)九大(da)港(gang)口的(de)吞(tun)(tun)(tun)吐總(zong)量，也是(shi)目前全球港(gang)口年(nian)吞(tun)(tun)(tun)吐量的(de)十分之一(yi)(yi)。從(cong)2002年(nian)6月26日中國(guo)建(jian)筑工程總(zong)公司旗下(xia)的(de)中建(jian)港(gang)務在洋山(shan)(shan)深水(shui)(shui)港(gang)區一(yi)(yi)期C標(biao)碼頭打下(xia)第一(yi)(yi)根樁開始，經過十五年(nian)的(de)建(jian)設(she)歷(li)程，把一(yi)(yi)個僅有3000原住漁(yu)民的(de)孤島小漁(yu)村，變成(cheng)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)片總(zong)面積相當于(yu)1000多個足(zu)球場(chang)大(da)小的(de)現(xian)代化深水(shui)(shui)港(gang)新“桑田”，譜寫(xie)出一(yi)(yi)幅壯美的(de)現(xian)代版“精衛(wei)填海(hai)”歷(li)史新長卷。

“精衛填海”，筑就世界第一深水大港

開工以前(qian)的(de)洋山深(shen)水港，是距離上(shang)海30公里互不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)鄰的(de)10余(yu)個(ge)小(xiao)海島(dao)(dao)，之(zhi)間海溝深(shen)度最(zui)深(shen)超過(guo)(guo)30米(mi)。如今15年過(guo)(guo)去，海溝已經填(tian)平(ping)(ping)，海島(dao)(dao)連在一起，形成了陸(lu)(lu)域面積超過(guo)(guo)8平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公里的(de)現代洋山深(shen)水港區，與大陸(lu)(lu)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)東(dong)海大橋連接。據不(bu)(bu)完全統計，為了填(tian)平(ping)(ping)這些海溝，洋山砂石拋(pao)填(tian)總量(liang)超過(guo)(guo)1億立(li)方(fang)米(mi)，相(xiang)(xiang)當于在平(ping)(ping)均水深(shen)20多米(mi)的(de)島(dao)(dao)嶼之(zhi)間，在1000多個(ge)足球(qiu)場的(de)范圍內，將砂石堆到七層樓的(de)高度。

建設前的小洋山

洋山港一二三期

洋山港(gang)(gang)(gang)工(gong)程(cheng)從2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)開工(gong)建(jian)設，一(yi)(yi)至(zhi)三(san)期工(gong)程(cheng)現已完工(gong)，共有16個7萬(wan)-15萬(wan)噸級深水集(ji)(ji)裝箱(xiang)泊位。中(zhong)建(jian)港(gang)(gang)(gang)務和兄弟(di)單位一(yi)(yi)起，累(lei)計建(jian)成集(ji)(ji)裝箱(xiang)深水港(gang)(gang)(gang)碼頭岸(an)線5.6公里(li)(li)、集(ji)(ji)裝箱(xiang)堆場8平方公里(li)(li)，釋(shi)放出年(nian)(nian)(nian)集(ji)(ji)裝箱(xiang)吞吐量超過1500萬(wan)TEU的(de)生產能力，為上海港(gang)(gang)(gang)連(lian)續多年(nian)(nian)(nian)雄踞全球集(ji)(ji)裝箱(xiang)第一(yi)(yi)大港(gang)(gang)(gang)提供了最為堅定的(de)支撐。

即將(jiang)收尾(wei)的洋山(shan)港四期工(gong)(gong)(gong)程，碼(ma)頭岸線長2350米(mi)，陸域總面積223.16萬平方米(mi)，建(jian)設(she)(she)7個(ge)大型深水(shui)泊位。中(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)港務的主要建(jian)設(she)(she)內容(rong)包括(kuo)：水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)碼(ma)頭、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)船(chuan)碼(ma)頭、地基加固(gu)、道路(lu)堆場以及綜合辦公樓建(jian)設(she)(she)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量達到洋山(shan)四期全(quan)部土(tu)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程總量的75%。建(jian)設(she)(she)洋山(shan)港的15年(nian)間，中(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)港務在小洋山(shan)海(hai)域的狂風巨浪中(zhong)(zhong)，累計(ji)成功沉樁7147根(gen)，首尾(wei)相接長度超過(guo)443114延長米(mi)，排在地表約等于上海(hai)到合肥(fei)的陸路(lu)距離(li)。

自動化的洋山港四期工程

“群鴻戲海”，領跑水工工程建設新標準

架高100米打樁船“中建樁7”打樁現場

洋(yang)山(shan)(shan)港建(jian)設至今，中(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)港務(wu)洋(yang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目總部(bu)(bu)致力(li)于打(da)造(zao)國(guo)內(nei)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設新高程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，3項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法獲評(ping)國(guo)家一(yi)級工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法，6項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法被(bei)評(ping)為交(jiao)通部(bu)(bu)水(shui)(shui)運(yun)(yun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)級工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法。洋(yang)山(shan)(shan)四期工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)，洋(yang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目總部(bu)(bu)編(bian)制和實(shi)施(shi)(shi)的(de)《洋(yang)山(shan)(shan)四期工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)CI標(biao)準化(hua)手冊》，在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)筑所屬系統率先(xian)確(que)立水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)CI標(biao)準建(jian)設典范。2016年，在(zai)交(jiao)通運(yun)(yun)輸部(bu)(bu)質(zhi)監局、上海(hai)市交(jiao)通建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)監站(zhan)指導下，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目部(bu)(bu)率先(xian)在(zai)國(guo)內(nei)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)界(jie)開展(zhan)《水(shui)(shui)運(yun)(yun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)標(biao)準化(hua)建(jian)設》試點(dian)，編(bian)制實(shi)施(shi)(shi)《水(shui)(shui)運(yun)(yun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)標(biao)準化(hua)建(jian)設指南實(shi)施(shi)(shi)方(fang)案》。2016年9月28日，交(jiao)通部(bu)(bu)百人專家團到現場觀摩，對(dui)洋(yang)山(shan)(shan)四期工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)建(jian)設細節、質(zhi)量(liang)安全和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)標(biao)準化(hua)等內(nei)容進行深(shen)入(ru)探(tan)討(tao)，一(yi)致給予高度評(ping)價。中(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)港務(wu)參與(yu)編(bian)制的(de)《上海(hai)國(guo)際航運(yun)(yun)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)洋(yang)山(shan)(shan)深(shen)水(shui)(shui)港區(qu)四期工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)U型槽軌枕道(dao)砟(zha)基礎及軌道(dao)安裝(zhuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)檢驗(yan)標(biao)準（試行）》，正進入(ru)交(jiao)通部(bu)(bu)部(bu)(bu)級標(biao)準審核流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。 

“金翅擘海”，智造技術領先新港區

起重船正在安裝洋山四期工作船碼頭首個沉箱

15年的(de)(de)洋山建設史，是一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)中建港務洋山人的(de)(de)科技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)奮斗史。面對第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)施(shi)(shi)(shi)打大(da)(da)口(kou)徑(jing)密排鋼(gang)管樁，第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)海上(shang)大(da)(da)體積高(gao)性能(neng)混凝土(tu)，第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)自主制(zhi)造大(da)(da)口(kou)徑(jing)高(gao)標準螺旋(xuan)鋼(gang)管樁，第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)見識水(shui)下陽(yang)極塊，第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)深(shen)海地(di)基(ji)(ji)加(jia)固，第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)水(shui)下倒濾層……中建港務在(zai)眾多(duo)參建隊伍中第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個獲得國家發明和實(shi)用(yong)新(xin)型專利(li)，完(wan)成(cheng)水(shui)工(gong)碼頭、地(di)基(ji)(ji)加(jia)固、道堆施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)多(duo)項技(ji)術總結，為企(qi)業(ye)核(he)心競爭力的(de)(de)提(ti)升集聚了(le)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)寶貴財富(fu)。

在對(dui)吹砂(sha)堆積區(qu)域(yu)(yu)進行振(zhen)(zhen)沖加固(gu)(gu)時(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)港(gang)務的振(zhen)(zhen)沖裝置(zhi)要深入到(dao)地(di)(di)(di)表以下(xia)20多米進行振(zhen)(zhen)沖，整個振(zhen)(zhen)沖過程(cheng)都是(shi)在監(jian)(jian)管人員(yuan)目(mu)(mu)光無(wu)法觸及的“黑箱”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進行的，洋(yang)(yang)山(shan)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)部(bu)自(zi)主開(kai)發出“自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)控下(xia)深層(ceng)粉細砂(sha)地(di)(di)(di)基振(zhen)(zhen)沖施工(gong)”工(gong)法。在對(dui)洋(yang)(yang)山(shan)原始地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的淤泥(ni)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)進行加固(gu)(gu)時(shi)，項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)部(bu)又開(kai)發出“自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)控條件下(xia)具(ju)有穩帶技術的塑料排(pai)水(shui)板施工(gong)”工(gong)法。最后(hou)，他(ta)們又將(jiang)自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)控系統應用(yong)到(dao)碎(sui)石(shi)回填區(qu)域(yu)(yu)加固(gu)(gu)施工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，開(kai)發出“利用(yong)自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)控系統進行施工(gong)質量控制的強夯施工(gong)”工(gong)法。至此，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)港(gang)務將(jiang)洋(yang)(yang)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)基加固(gu)(gu)領域(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)三(san)大常用(yong)工(gong)藝全部(bu)實現了施工(gong)過程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)控的自(zi)動(dong)化。

經過15年的創新，中(zhong)國(guo)建筑洋山港項目(mu)獲得1項全國(guo)科技進步二等獎(jiang)，1項上(shang)海市科技進步一(yi)等獎(jiang)，4項發明(ming)專利，9項實用新型專利，5項全國(guo)發明(ming)展覽會金(jin)獎(jiang)、銀獎(jiang)。 

精彩不止洋山港

洋山青年突擊隊

除洋(yang)山港項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)外，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑在海(hai)外水(shui)(shui)工市場也收(shou)獲了大量訂單(dan)。今年5月24日，由中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑承建(jian)(jian)，中(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)港務和中(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)八局負責具體實施(shi)的(de)(de)非(fei)洲吉布(bu)提(ti)多哈雷多功能港口(kou)(kou)(一(yi)期)舉行開港儀式(shi)。吉布(bu)提(ti)多哈雷港設計吞吐能力為(wei)20萬標(biao)準箱，合同金(jin)額為(wei)4.217億美元，是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)建(jian)(jian)筑企(qi)業(ye)迄今為(wei)止在東北非(fei)地區(qu)承接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)最(zui)大規模港口(kou)(kou)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑目(mu)(mu)前完成的(de)(de)海(hai)外最(zui)大的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)工項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)。吉布(bu)提(ti)地處亞非(fei)歐十字路口(kou)(kou)，是(shi)國(guo)際主航線必經之(zhi)地，也是(shi)一(yi)帶一(yi)路上重(zhong)要的(de)(de)銜接(jie)(jie)點。

不論是陸上(shang)還是海上(shang)，中國建筑(zhu)(zhu)都以(yi)一(yi)貫的工程(cheng)質量廣受好評(ping)(ping)，進而拓展(zhan)了更大的市場。據(ju)統計，中國建筑(zhu)(zhu)營業(ye)收入平均每十(shi)二年增長十(shi)倍(bei)。位(wei)(wei)居2016年度(du)《財富》世界500強第24位(wei)(wei)，獲得標普(pu)、穆迪、惠譽等國際三大評(ping)(ping)級機構信用(yong)評(ping)(ping)級A級，為全球建筑(zhu)(zhu)行業(ye)最(zui)高信用(yong)評(ping)(ping)級。

截至十(shi)二五末，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑基礎(chu)設施(shi)已完(wan)成(cheng)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)2000億(yi)元(yuan)，續投(tou)將達(da)萬億(yi)元(yuan)，投(tou)資(zi)(zi)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)設和運營的鐵路(lu)里(li)程1800多公(gong)里(li)；公(gong)路(lu)里(li)程達(da)十(shi)幾(ji)萬公(gong)里(li)；軌道交(jiao)通里(li)程數百(bai)公(gong)里(li)。隧道、橋梁、機場、港口、核電等工程星羅棋布，并已成(cheng)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家城市(shi)綜合管廊(lang)和海綿城市(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設的主力軍。按照“十(shi)三五”規劃，在中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑轉(zhuan)型升級的宏(hong)偉藍圖中，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑基礎(chu)設施(shi)業(ye)務將站在歷史高點上再出發。 （國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)委(wei)網站 王鈺(yu)）