文章來源：國(guo)家電網公司(si) 發(fa)布時間：2018-04-19
3月，北京最(zui)后一(yi)座(zuo)燃煤電廠停(ting)機(ji)備用(yong)，這標志著北京成(cheng)為(wei)全國首個全部依靠(kao)清潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電和外受電的城市(shi)(shi)。大(da)(da)(da)力使用(yong)清潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源是推動城市(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源轉型、實現清潔(jie)(jie)低碳發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的關鍵。近(jin)年來，國家電網(wang)公司認真(zhen)落實《大(da)(da)(da)氣污染防治(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)動計劃》，支持和服務(wu)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，通過加快跨區(qu)(qu)電網(wang)建設、組織新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源大(da)(da)(da)范(fan)圍交(jiao)易、強化全網(wang)統(tong)一(yi)調度，推動“三北”地(di)區(qu)(qu)大(da)(da)(da)量可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源外送(song)至東中部消納(na)，為(wei)東中部城市(shi)(shi)全面推進電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)替代和治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)霧霾，走清潔(jie)(jie)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)道(dao)路做(zuo)出積極(ji)貢獻。
使用遠方可再生能(neng)源電力(li) 實現東(dong)中部城市清潔發(fa)展轉型(xing)
電是二次清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，東(dong)中部(bu)城市(shi)實現清(qing)潔發(fa)展轉型(xing)，需要全(quan)面實施電能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代，通過以電代煤、以電代油，切實提高電能(neng)(neng)(neng)在城市(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消費的比(bi)重。在當前煤炭產業去產能(neng)(neng)(neng)、嚴格控制東(dong)中部(bu)煤電發(fa)展的背景下，東(dong)中部(bu)城市(shi)替(ti)代的電能(neng)(neng)(neng)還(huan)必須是來自清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源。但目(mu)前北(bei)(bei)京、天(tian)津(jin)等東(dong)中部(bu)一線(xian)城市(shi)的清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源比(bi)重低，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源轉型(xing)壓力(li)大。截至(zhi)2016年底(di)，北(bei)(bei)京、天(tian)津(jin)發(fa)電總裝機分別達到1103萬、1467萬千瓦(wa)，水電、風(feng)電、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)電等可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源裝機占比(bi)均不到15%，未來必須提高可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源電量(liang)消費比(bi)重。
從東中部一(yi)線城市可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦看，目前北京(jing)、天(tian)津(jin)水能資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)匱乏(fa)，清潔(jie)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)需要(yao)依靠風(feng)能和太陽能。根據(ju)中國氣(qi)象局最新資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)普查數據(ju)和相關研究結論，北京(jing)、天(tian)津(jin)80米高風(feng)能資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)潛力分(fen)別(bie)僅為39萬(wan)(wan)、46萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦，分(fen)布式光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)上限(xian)分(fen)別(bie)為460萬(wan)(wan)、360萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦。按全部開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)本地可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)測算，未來(lai)北京(jing)、天(tian)津(jin)本地可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)裝機(ji)占(zhan)比分(fen)別(bie)達到約(yue)30%和20%，可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量占(zhan)本地用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的比例僅為5%和6%，對(dui)優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)結構、推(tui)動(dong)能源(yuan)(yuan)轉型的作用非常有限(xian)，客觀上決定了一(yi)線城市仍然需要(yao)大(da)量接(jie)受外來(lai)可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力。
積極(ji)推動可再生能源(yuan)跨(kua)區外送 可再生能源(yuan)外送電(dian)量規模創(chuang)新(xin)高
加(jia)快可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)配套跨區(qu)電(dian)網建(jian)(jian)設，為“三北”地(di)區(qu)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)大規模外送(song)創造條(tiao)件(jian)。目前納(na)入大氣污染防治(zhi)行動計劃“四交四直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)全部開工(gong)建(jian)(jian)設，已建(jian)(jian)成投運寧東(dong)～浙江±800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、錫盟～山東(dong)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)交流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、蒙(meng)西(xi)～天津南(nan)(nan)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)交流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、哈密～鄭(zheng)州±800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)，線路長度合計達到5168公里(li)(li)，輸送(song)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)3300萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦，對西(xi)北和蒙(meng)西(xi)地(di)區(qu)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外送(song)東(dong)中部地(di)區(qu)消納(na)發揮(hui)了重(zhong)要(yao)作用。加(jia)快推進酒(jiu)泉～湖南(nan)(nan)±800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、扎魯(lu)特(te)(te)(te)～山東(dong)±800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、準東(dong)～皖南(nan)(nan)±1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)，線路長度合計達到6941公里(li)(li)，輸送(song)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)3000萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。
積極組(zu)織(zhi)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)，擴(kuo)大(da)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納市場。2016年(nian)，北京電力交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)心掛牌成立(li)，發(fa)揮大(da)電網、大(da)市場、大(da)平臺優化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)配置能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的優勢，全年(nian)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)各類(lei)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)1200余次，完(wan)(wan)(wan)成包括可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在內的市場化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)電量7907億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，同比(bi)增長(chang)59%。組(zu)織(zhi)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)電量3332億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，同比(bi)增長(chang)10.3%。其中(zhong)，完(wan)(wan)(wan)成國家(jia)計(ji)劃(hua)、政府間協議2760億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，同比(bi)增長(chang)11.7%；多措并舉組(zu)織(zhi)市場化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)572億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，同比(bi)增長(chang)3.9%。創新可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)市場化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)方式，開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)電力援疆、新疆可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外送電量增加3.69億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)；開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區(qu)直接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)，通過寧東～浙江特高壓輸電線路完(wan)(wan)(wan)成可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)電量18億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)；開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區(qu)風火發(fa)電權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)，寧夏新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)替代上海火電機組(zu)0.74億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)。組(zu)織(zhi)啟動跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區(qu)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省現(xian)貨市場，2017年(nian)1月份，組(zu)織(zhi)現(xian)貨交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)共計(ji)105筆1.8億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)。
充分(fen)發揮大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)優(you)勢，加(jia)強全網(wang)(wang)調(diao)峰(feng)資源和通(tong)(tong)道(dao)富(fu)余(yu)(yu)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)的(de)集中監控，盡(jin)最大可能利用現有跨區線路輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)輸送(song)(song)可再生能源。低谷(gu)(gu)時段將跨省跨區送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率提高(gao)(gao)，最大限(xian)度輸送(song)(song)新(xin)能源。東北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)提高(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)嶺背靠(kao)背直流低谷(gu)(gu)時段送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率，增加(jia)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外送(song)(song)華北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。2015、2016年(nian)(nian)東北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)送(song)(song)華北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)別(bie)為53億、61億千瓦(wa)時，占東北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)比(bi)(bi)例為13%、14%。華北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)利用蒙(meng)(meng)西(xi)外送(song)(song)通(tong)(tong)道(dao)低谷(gu)(gu)富(fu)余(yu)(yu)容量(liang)(liang)，增加(jia)蒙(meng)(meng)西(xi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)外送(song)(song)。2015、2016年(nian)(nian)蒙(meng)(meng)西(xi)送(song)(song)華北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)別(bie)達到(dao)85億、84億千瓦(wa)時，占蒙(meng)(meng)西(xi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)比(bi)(bi)例分(fen)別(bie)為33%、29%。
通過多(duo)方(fang)面的努力，近(jin)年(nian)來“三北”地區可(ke)再生能源外送(song)至東中部電(dian)量不斷提高(gao)。風(feng)電(dian)和太(tai)陽(yang)能發電(dian)等可(ke)再生能源外送(song)電(dian)量從2010年(nian)1.5億千瓦時提高(gao)到2016年(nian)的363億千瓦時，年(nian)均增長(chang)150%。
著(zhu)力打破(po)省間(jian)壁壘 提高“三北”可再(zai)生(sheng)能源外送(song)電量比(bi)例
雖(sui)然目(mu)前“三北(bei)”地區可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)外(wai)送東中部(bu)的電(dian)量不斷提高，但支(zhi)撐東中部(bu)一線城市(shi)實現清潔(jie)發展轉型還不夠。按(an)照(zhao)2020年北(bei)京(jing)、天津可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)消費電(dian)量占本地用電(dian)量比(bi)例(li)均達到20%測算，需要(yao)接受外(wai)來可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)電(dian)量分別約為194億(yi)、162億(yi)千(qian)瓦時，而2016年全年接納(na)的可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)電(dian)量僅為45億(yi)、36億(yi)千(qian)瓦時。
未來需要大力提高東中部(bu)一線城市(shi)接納外(wai)來可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)量比例(li)。但當前(qian)突(tu)出(chu)問(wen)題是，可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源跨(kua)區外(wai)送(song)(song)面臨嚴(yan)重的(de)省(sheng)間壁(bi)壘(lei)。國內經濟形勢尚未回暖，電(dian)(dian)力供大于求(qiu)，可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源由于沒(mei)有(you)配(pei)套的(de)國家計(ji)劃，加(jia)之具有(you)隨機(ji)性，帶來輔(fu)助服務問(wen)題，跨(kua)區消(xiao)納的(de)壁(bi)壘(lei)更加(jia)突(tu)出(chu)。目前(qian)，各地政府(fu)普遍對省(sheng)間交易進行(xing)行(xing)政干預，干預力度不(bu)斷加(jia)大。部(bu)分(fen)省(sheng)份經濟主管部(bu)門(men)要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業在本省(sheng)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組達到一定利用小時數(shu)前(qian)，不(bu)得購(gou)買低價外(wai)來電(dian)(dian)，嚴(yan)重制約可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源跨(kua)區外(wai)送(song)(song)。
當務之急是加快(kuai)構建(jian)全國統(tong)一電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)，建(jian)立有(you)利于(yu)打破(po)(po)省(sheng)(sheng)間壁壘、促(cu)進可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源跨(kua)區(qu)消(xiao)納(na)(na)的(de)電(dian)價機(ji)制(zhi)和配(pei)額制(zhi)度。完(wan)善(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)長期和現貨市場(chang)交易(yi)體系，搭建(jian)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源參與的(de)跨(kua)區(qu)資(zi)源優化配(pei)置平臺(tai)，通過市場(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)推動打破(po)(po)省(sheng)(sheng)間壁壘，促(cu)進可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源在更大范圍消(xiao)納(na)(na)。推動落(luo)實可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源配(pei)額制(zhi)度，支(zhi)持建(jian)立配(pei)額制(zhi)和綠(lv)色證書交易(yi)相結合(he)的(de)市場(chang)化補(bu)貼政策，積(ji)極制(zhi)定“十三五”分(fen)年度東中(zhong)(zhong)部地區(qu)各省(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源電(dian)量占比指標，明確消(xiao)納(na)(na)責任，建(jian)立考核機(ji)制(zhi)。