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3月，北(bei)京最后一(yi)座燃煤電(dian)廠停機備(bei)用，這標志(zhi)著北(bei)京成為全(quan)國(guo)首個全(quan)部(bu)依靠清潔能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)和(he)外(wai)受(shou)電(dian)的城(cheng)市。大力(li)使用清潔能(neng)(neng)源是推動(dong)城(cheng)市能(neng)(neng)源轉型、實現清潔低(di)碳發展(zhan)的關鍵。近年來(lai)，國(guo)家電(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司認(ren)真落實《大氣污染防治行動(dong)計劃》，支持和(he)服務可再生能(neng)(neng)源發展(zhan)，通過加快跨區(qu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)建設(she)、組織新能(neng)(neng)源大范圍交易、強化全(quan)網(wang)(wang)統(tong)一(yi)調度，推動(dong)“三(san)北(bei)”地區(qu)大量可再生能(neng)(neng)源外(wai)送(song)至東中部(bu)消納，為東中部(bu)城(cheng)市全(quan)面推進電(dian)能(neng)(neng)替代和(he)治理霧霾，走清潔發展(zhan)道路做出積極貢獻。

使(shi)用遠方可再生能源電(dian)力(li) 實現東中部城(cheng)市清潔發(fa)展(zhan)轉型

電(dian)是二次清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，東(dong)中(zhong)部城(cheng)市(shi)實現清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)發(fa)展轉型，需要全面實施電(dian)能(neng)替代，通(tong)過以電(dian)代煤、以電(dian)代油，切實提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)能(neng)在(zai)城(cheng)市(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)費的比重(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)當前(qian)(qian)煤炭產業去產能(neng)、嚴格控制東(dong)中(zhong)部煤電(dian)發(fa)展的背(bei)景下(xia)，東(dong)中(zhong)部城(cheng)市(shi)替代的電(dian)能(neng)還必(bi)須(xu)是來自清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。但(dan)目前(qian)(qian)北京、天(tian)津等東(dong)中(zhong)部一線城(cheng)市(shi)的清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)比重(zhong)(zhong)低，能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型壓力大。截(jie)至2016年底，北京、天(tian)津發(fa)電(dian)總裝機(ji)分別達到(dao)1103萬、1467萬千瓦(wa)，水電(dian)、風電(dian)、太陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)等可再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機(ji)占比均不(bu)到(dao)15%，未來必(bi)須(xu)提(ti)(ti)高可再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)量消(xiao)(xiao)費比重(zhong)(zhong)。

從東中部(bu)一線城市可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦看，目前(qian)北京(jing)、天(tian)津(jin)水能(neng)(neng)資源(yuan)(yuan)匱乏，清潔發(fa)(fa)展需要依靠(kao)風能(neng)(neng)和太陽能(neng)(neng)。根據中國氣(qi)象局最(zui)新資源(yuan)(yuan)普查(cha)數據和相關研(yan)究結(jie)論，北京(jing)、天(tian)津(jin)80米高風能(neng)(neng)資源(yuan)(yuan)的開(kai)發(fa)(fa)潛力分(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)僅為39萬(wan)、46萬(wan)千瓦，分(fen)(fen)布式光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)上(shang)限分(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)為460萬(wan)、360萬(wan)千瓦。按全部(bu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)本地(di)(di)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)測算(suan)，未來(lai)北京(jing)、天(tian)津(jin)本地(di)(di)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機占比分(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)達到約30%和20%，可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)量(liang)占本地(di)(di)用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)的比例(li)僅為5%和6%，對優化(hua)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構、推動(dong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型的作(zuo)用(yong)非常有限，客(ke)觀上(shang)決(jue)定了一線城市仍(reng)然需要大(da)量(liang)接受外來(lai)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力。

積(ji)極推(tui)動可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)跨區外送 可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)外送電量規模創新高

加(jia)快可再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)套跨區(qu)(qu)電(dian)網建設，為“三北”地區(qu)(qu)可再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)能源(yuan)(yuan)大規模外送(song)(song)(song)創造條件。目前(qian)納入大氣污(wu)染防治行動計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)“四交(jiao)四直(zhi)”特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)輸電(dian)工程全部開工建設，已建成(cheng)投運寧東(dong)～浙(zhe)江±800千伏特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)工程、錫盟～山東(dong)1000千伏特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)工程、蒙西～天津南(nan)1000千伏特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)工程、哈(ha)密～鄭州±800千伏特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)工程，線(xian)路長度合(he)計(ji)(ji)達到(dao)(dao)5168公(gong)里，輸送(song)(song)(song)能力3300萬千瓦，對西北和蒙西地區(qu)(qu)可再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)外送(song)(song)(song)東(dong)中部地區(qu)(qu)消納發揮了重要作用。加(jia)快推進(jin)酒泉～湖(hu)南(nan)±800千伏特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)工程、扎魯特(te)～山東(dong)±800千伏特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)工程、準東(dong)～皖南(nan)±1100千伏特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)工程，線(xian)路長度合(he)計(ji)(ji)達到(dao)(dao)6941公(gong)里，輸送(song)(song)(song)能力3000萬千瓦。

積極組織(zhi)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)(kua)區交易(yi)，擴大(da)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納市場。2016年(nian)(nian)，北(bei)京電(dian)力(li)交易(yi)中(zhong)心掛(gua)牌成立，發揮大(da)電(dian)網(wang)、大(da)市場、大(da)平臺(tai)優(you)化配置能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的優(you)勢，全年(nian)(nian)開展各類(lei)交易(yi)1200余次，完成包括可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在內(nei)的市場化交易(yi)電(dian)量7907億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時，同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)59%。組織(zhi)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)(kua)省跨(kua)(kua)區交易(yi)電(dian)量3332億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時，同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)10.3%。其中(zhong)，完成國(guo)家(jia)計劃、政府間協議(yi)2760億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時，同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)11.7%；多措并舉組織(zhi)市場化交易(yi)572億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時，同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)3.9%。創新可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)市場化交易(yi)方式，開展電(dian)力(li)援疆、新疆可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外送(song)電(dian)量增(zeng)加3.69億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時；開展可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)(kua)區直接交易(yi)，通過寧東(dong)～浙江特高壓輸電(dian)線路(lu)完成可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直接交易(yi)電(dian)量18億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時；開展跨(kua)(kua)區風火發電(dian)權交易(yi)，寧夏新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)替(ti)代(dai)上海火電(dian)機(ji)組0.74億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時。組織(zhi)啟動跨(kua)(kua)區跨(kua)(kua)省現貨市場，2017年(nian)(nian)1月份(fen)，組織(zhi)現貨交易(yi)共計105筆1.8億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時。

充分(fen)發(fa)揮大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)優(you)勢，加強全網(wang)(wang)調峰資源(yuan)和通(tong)道富余(yu)送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)集(ji)中監控，盡最大(da)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)利用現有(you)跨區(qu)線路輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力輸(shu)送(song)(song)(song)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。低(di)谷時段將跨省跨區(qu)送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率提高，最大(da)限度輸(shu)送(song)(song)(song)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。東(dong)(dong)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)通(tong)過提高高嶺背靠背直流(liu)低(di)谷時段送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率，增加風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。2015、2016年東(dong)(dong)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)送(song)(song)(song)華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)別為53億、61億千瓦(wa)時，占東(dong)(dong)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)比例(li)為13%、14%。華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)利用蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)西(xi)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)通(tong)道低(di)谷富余(yu)容量(liang)(liang)，增加蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)西(xi)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)。2015、2016年蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)西(xi)送(song)(song)(song)華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)別達到85億、84億千瓦(wa)時，占蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)西(xi)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)比例(li)分(fen)別為33%、29%。

通過多方面的(de)努力，近(jin)年(nian)來“三北”地區可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)外(wai)送(song)至東中部電(dian)量不斷提(ti)高。風電(dian)和太陽能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)等(deng)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)外(wai)送(song)電(dian)量從2010年(nian)1.5億千瓦時提(ti)高到2016年(nian)的(de)363億千瓦時，年(nian)均增(zeng)長150%。

著力打破(po)省間壁壘 提(ti)高“三(san)北”可(ke)再生能(neng)源外(wai)送電(dian)量比例

雖然目前“三北(bei)”地區可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能源(yuan)外(wai)送東(dong)中部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)不斷(duan)提(ti)高，但支撐東(dong)中部(bu)一線城市實現清潔(jie)發展轉型還不夠。按(an)照2020年北(bei)京、天津可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能源(yuan)消費(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)本地用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)比例均達到20%測算，需要接(jie)受外(wai)來可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分別(bie)約為(wei)194億(yi)、162億(yi)千瓦(wa)時，而2016年全(quan)年接(jie)納的可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)僅(jin)為(wei)45億(yi)、36億(yi)千瓦(wa)時。

未來(lai)(lai)需要(yao)大力(li)提高東中部(bu)一線(xian)城市接納外(wai)來(lai)(lai)可(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量比例。但當前突出(chu)問題是(shi)，可(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)跨區外(wai)送面臨(lin)嚴重的(de)省(sheng)間壁壘。國(guo)內經(jing)濟(ji)形(xing)勢(shi)尚未回暖，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供大于求，可(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)由于沒有配套的(de)國(guo)家(jia)計(ji)劃(hua)，加(jia)之具有隨機性(xing)，帶來(lai)(lai)輔助服(fu)務問題，跨區消納的(de)壁壘更加(jia)突出(chu)。目前，各地政府(fu)普(pu)遍(bian)對省(sheng)間交易進(jin)行(xing)行(xing)政干預，干預力(li)度不斷加(jia)大。部(bu)分省(sheng)份經(jing)濟(ji)主管部(bu)門要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業在(zai)本省(sheng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組達到一定(ding)利(li)用小時(shi)數(shu)前，不得購買低價外(wai)來(lai)(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，嚴重制約可(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)跨區外(wai)送。

當務之急(ji)是加(jia)快構建(jian)全國(guo)統(tong)一電(dian)力市(shi)場，建(jian)立(li)有利于打(da)破省間(jian)壁壘、促進(jin)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)消(xiao)納(na)(na)的(de)(de)電(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)和配(pei)(pei)額(e)制(zhi)度(du)。完(wan)善中(zhong)長期和現貨市(shi)場交(jiao)易(yi)體系，搭建(jian)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)參與的(de)(de)跨(kua)區(qu)資源(yuan)(yuan)優化配(pei)(pei)置平臺，通過市(shi)場機制(zhi)推動(dong)打(da)破省間(jian)壁壘，促進(jin)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在更大(da)范圍消(xiao)納(na)(na)。推動(dong)落實可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)(pei)額(e)制(zhi)度(du)，支持建(jian)立(li)配(pei)(pei)額(e)制(zhi)和綠(lv)色證書(shu)交(jiao)易(yi)相結合的(de)(de)市(shi)場化補貼政(zheng)策，積極制(zhi)定“十三五”分年度(du)東中(zhong)部地區(qu)各(ge)省可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)量占(zhan)比指(zhi)標，明(ming)確消(xiao)納(na)(na)責(ze)任，建(jian)立(li)考核機制(zhi)。