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星載氫原子鐘示意圖

　　9月30日7點(dian)13分，中(zhong)國航天科工二院203所研制的星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)載氫(qing)原(yuan)子鐘跟隨(sui)第四顆新(xin)一代(dai)北斗導(dao)航衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)西昌衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)發射(she)中(zhong)心(xin)成功發射(she)。這是自2000年我國發射(she)北斗導(dao)航衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以來，首次搭載氫(qing)原(yuan)子鐘。此次衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)入(ru)軌后，將開展星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)載氫(qing)原(yuan)子鐘、星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)鏈(lian)路、新(xin)型(xing)導(dao)航信(xin)號體制等試驗驗證(zheng)工作(zuo)，并適(shi)時入(ru)網(wang)提供服務(wu)。

　　原子鐘(zhong)是(shi)北斗導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星的(de)(de)(de)(de)最關鍵載(zai)荷之一(yi)，是(shi)時頻(pin)分系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心臟，決定(ding)導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)定(ding)位(wei)、測速及授時精度，是(shi)一(yi)個國家能(neng)(neng)否具備獨立發展導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心標志之一(yi)。可以毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)夸張的(de)(de)(de)(de)說，在軍事(shi)現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)(de)今天，一(yi)個國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星的(de)(de)(de)(de)研制水平和能(neng)(neng)力(li)直接決定(ding)一(yi)個國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰時軍事(shi)應對能(neng)(neng)力(li)，因為沒有(you)準(zhun)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)就談不(bu)(bu)上精準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊，而這個精準(zhun)定(ding)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心就是(shi)原子鐘(zhong)。

　　203所(suo)研制的(de)多個批次星載銣原子鐘(zhong)已多次跟(gen)隨北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)導(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星成功發(fa)射并穩(wen)定可靠運行(xing)，此次星載氫(qing)原子鐘(zhong)跟(gen)隨新一(yi)代導(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星成功首發(fa)，標志著(zhu)203所(suo)原子鐘(zhong)研究領域技術水(shui)平和(he)研制能力跨(kua)上一(yi)個新的(de)臺階，真正(zheng)實現了技術自主化，破除了國外在該領域的(de)關(guan)鍵技術封鎖和(he)高端產品及元器件禁(jin)運的(de)藩籬。這(zhe)將(jiang)直接助(zhu)推北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)衛(wei)星導(dao)航(hang)系統(tong)總體(ti)性(xing)能的(de)飛躍，是中(zhong)國北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)導(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星發(fa)展史(shi)上的(de)一(yi)個重要里程(cheng)碑。

　　在衛星(xing)導(dao)(dao)航系統(tong)(tong)中，1ns的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)測(ce)量(liang)誤差(cha)(cha)(cha)將會引(yin)起(qi)0.3m的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)距誤差(cha)(cha)(cha)，因(yin)此時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)精密(mi)測(ce)量(liang)是決定(ding)(ding)(ding)導(dao)(dao)航定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)精度(du)(du)。考慮(lv)到衛星(xing)星(xing)歷(li)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)性、電離層傳輸延(yan)遲及定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)誤差(cha)(cha)(cha)幾(ji)何分布等(deng)諸多因(yin)素對時(shi)間(jian)(jian)測(ce)量(liang)精度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，衛星(xing)導(dao)(dao)航系統(tong)(tong)對原(yuan)子鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)指標(biao)就提出了更(geng)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。新一代導(dao)(dao)航系統(tong)(tong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)精度(du)(du)0.1m、授(shou)時(shi)精度(du)(du)0.3ns的(de)(de)(de)設計要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，對原(yuan)子鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)度(du)(du)提出更(geng)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，即秒穩(wen)優于1×10-12和(he)日(ri)穩(wen)優于1×10-14。考慮(lv)到導(dao)(dao)航系統(tong)(tong)在非(fei)常(chang)時(shi)期應(ying)具(ju)備的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主導(dao)(dao)航能(neng)力(li)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)原(yuan)子鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)漂(piao)移率(lv)優于5×10-15，以保障北斗導(dao)(dao)航系統(tong)(tong)擁有半(ban)年以上的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主導(dao)(dao)航能(neng)力(li)，從而顯(xian)著降低北斗導(dao)(dao)航衛星(xing)系統(tong)(tong)全球應(ying)用(yong)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)校時(shi)壓力(li)和(he)對地面的(de)(de)(de)依賴程度(du)(du)。要(yao)(yao)滿足上述諸多要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，研(yan)制高(gao)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)高(gao)可(ke)靠(kao)高(gao)指標(biao)重量(liang)輕的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)子鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成為必然趨勢和(he)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，世界(jie)各國爭先恐后致力(li)于不(bu)斷攻克相關(guan)技(ji)術難關(guan)，努力(li)研(yan)制出更(geng)高(gao)指標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)子鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)來占(zhan)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)航定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)市場和(he)提升軍事應(ying)用(yong)能(neng)力(li)。

　　當(dang)前全球四大衛(wei)星導(dao)(dao)航(hang)系(xi)統中，美國GPS導(dao)(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星采用(yong)了銫原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)銣原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)結合(he)的(de)方式(shi)，歐盟(meng)Galileo導(dao)(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星采用(yong)了銣原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)被動型氫原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)結合(he)的(de)方式(shi)，俄羅斯Glonass-K三代(dai)導(dao)(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星也將(jiang)采用(yong)銣原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)被動型氫原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)結合(he)的(de)方式(shi)，我國新(xin)一代(dai)北(bei)斗導(dao)(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星正(zheng)在開展銣原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)被動型氫原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相結合(he)的(de)授時方式(shi)。

　　縱觀國(guo)內外導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)衛(wei)星所配備原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)方案不(bu)難(nan)(nan)發現，均(jun)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)兩種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同時(shi)域穩定(ding)(ding)度(du)(du)(du)優(you)勢(shi)互(hu)補的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)來保(bao)證衛(wei)星的(de)(de)守(shou)(shou)時(shi)能(neng)力，且種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)均(jun)為(wei)技術發展成熟的(de)(de)傳統三樣(yang)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)（氫、銣(ru)、銫(se)(se)(se)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)）。銣(ru)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)具有體積小重量輕、功耗低、技術難(nan)(nan)度(du)(du)(du)相(xiang)對較(jiao)低、可(ke)(ke)靠性高等優(you)勢(shi)被(bei)全(quan)球四大導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)系統普遍采(cai)用(yong)(yong)，但(dan)其(qi)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)穩定(ding)(ding)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)漂(piao)移(yi)率(lv)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)相(xiang)對較(jiao)差，新一(yi)代高精度(du)(du)(du)銣(ru)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)雖(sui)然滿足導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)衛(wei)星在(zai)(zai)地面(mian)主(zhu)控站(zhan)不(bu)斷同步校準下的(de)(de)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)要(yao)(yao)求，但(dan)無法滿足導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)系統中(zhong)(zhong)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)能(neng)力要(yao)(yao)求。銫(se)(se)(se)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)最大優(you)勢(shi)是(shi)低漂(piao)移(yi)特性，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)衛(wei)星的(de)(de)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)守(shou)(shou)時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)滿足非常時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)需求，但(dan)銫(se)(se)(se)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命短(duan)(duan)是(shi)致命的(de)(de)短(duan)(duan)板(ban)，幾(ji)項關鍵技術仍未徹底攻關，目前國(guo)際上僅有美(mei)國(guo)掌握其(qi)關鍵技術。目前，203所已(yi)經組建星載(zai)(zai)銫(se)(se)(se)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)團(tuan)隊進(jin)行研(yan)制星載(zai)(zai)銫(se)(se)(se)鐘(zhong)(zhong)，期(qi)(qi)待在(zai)(zai)后續的(de)(de)北斗導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)項目中(zhong)(zhong)配備應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。氫原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)分為(wei)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)被(bei)動(dong)(dong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)穩定(ding)(ding)度(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)最優(you)，但(dan)是(shi)體積較(jiao)大，一(yi)般用(yong)(yong)于(yu)地面(mian)守(shou)(shou)時(shi)。被(bei)動(dong)(dong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)體積、重量和(he)(he)功耗相(xiang)對較(jiao)小，可(ke)(ke)搬運，穩定(ding)(ding)度(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)僅次于(yu)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，多用(yong)(yong)于(yu)地面(mian)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)平(ping)臺(tai)和(he)(he)衛(wei)星。另外，被(bei)動(dong)(dong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)氫原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)其(qi)獨有的(de)(de)選態組件和(he)(he)儲存泡結構特性使(shi)得其(qi)可(ke)(ke)獲得較(jiao)為(wei)理(li)想的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)躍遷譜(pu)線，使(shi)其(qi)穩定(ding)(ding)度(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)在(zai)(zai)傳統三樣(yang)中(zhong)(zhong)最優(you)，當然研(yan)制難(nan)(nan)度(du)(du)(du)也(ye)是(shi)傳統三樣(yang)中(zhong)(zhong)最高的(de)(de)。其(qi)漂(piao)移(yi)率(lv)雖(sui)不(bu)及優(you)選型(xing)(xing)(xing)銫(se)(se)(se)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)，但(dan)可(ke)(ke)保(bao)障(zhang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)系統長(chang)達半年(nian)以上的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)能(neng)力，這使(shi)得氫鐘(zhong)(zhong)成為(wei)衛(wei)星導(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)中(zhong)(zhong)最具有競爭力的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)。

　　203所研(yan)制的星載氫原子鐘(zhong)穩(wen)定度和(he)(he)漂移率等關鍵(jian)指(zhi)標(biao)均(jun)已(yi)達(da)到國(guo)際(ji)一流水(shui)平，這將大(da)幅(fu)提升新一代北(bei)斗導(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)系(xi)統的導(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)精度、授時(shi)水(shui)平和(he)(he)延長自主導(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)時(shi)間(jian)，大(da)幅(fu)降低北(bei)斗導(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)系(xi)統對(dui)地(di)面(mian)的依(yi)賴程度，為非常時(shi)期(qi)的導(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)定位提供了保障(zhang)。

　　據北斗(dou)導(dao)航(hang)系統全(quan)球組網建設計劃，2018年可為(wei)(wei)“一(yi)帶一(yi)路”沿線(xian)國家提(ti)供基礎服務，2020年左(zuo)右將(jiang)(jiang)具備全(quan)球服務能力(li)，這將(jiang)(jiang)成為(wei)(wei)我(wo)國自主建設、獨立運行，并與世界(jie)其他衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)導(dao)航(hang)系統兼容共用，可在全(quan)球范圍內全(quan)天候、全(quan)天時為(wei)(wei)各類用戶提(ti)供高(gao)精(jing)(jing)度、高(gao)可靠(kao)的(de)(de)定(ding)位、測(ce)速、授(shou)時服務，且(qie)獨具短報文通信能力(li)特色的(de)(de)全(quan)球衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)導(dao)航(hang)定(ding)位系統。可以預見，未來五年將(jiang)(jiang)成為(wei)(wei)新(xin)一(yi)代(dai)導(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)密集(ji)組網發射期，203所原(yuan)子(zi)鐘研制團隊將(jiang)(jiang)迎(ying)來更多的(de)(de)機(ji)會和挑戰。203所星(xing)(xing)載(zai)氫(qing)原(yuan)子(zi)鐘研制團隊將(jiang)(jiang)秉(bing)承(cheng)航(hang)天人一(yi)貫的(de)(de)嚴(yan)謹細實、腳踏(ta)實地的(de)(de)工作(zuo)作(zuo)風，繼續恪(ke)守質量至上、品質第(di)一(yi)的(de)(de)航(hang)天精(jing)(jing)神，保(bao)質保(bao)量的(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)北斗(dou)導(dao)航(hang)系統提(ti)供高(gao)可靠(kao)高(gao)精(jing)(jing)度的(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)載(zai)氫(qing)原(yuan)子(zi)鐘，為(wei)(wei)我(wo)國北斗(dou)導(dao)航(hang)事業的(de)(de)發展貢獻力(li)量。

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