文章來源(yuan)：國家電網公司 發布時間：2018-04-19
3月，北(bei)(bei)京最后一座燃(ran)煤電廠停(ting)機備用(yong)，這標志(zhi)著北(bei)(bei)京成(cheng)為全國(guo)首個(ge)全部(bu)依靠(kao)清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電和(he)外受電的(de)城市(shi)。大力使用(yong)清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)是推動(dong)城市(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型、實(shi)(shi)現清(qing)潔低碳發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)關(guan)鍵。近年來，國(guo)家電網公司(si)認(ren)真落實(shi)(shi)《大氣污染(ran)防治行(xing)動(dong)計劃》，支持和(he)服務可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，通過加(jia)快跨區(qu)電網建設、組(zu)織新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)大范圍交易、強(qiang)化全網統一調度(du)，推動(dong)“三北(bei)(bei)”地區(qu)大量可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外送(song)至(zhi)東(dong)中部(bu)消納，為東(dong)中部(bu)城市(shi)全面推進(jin)電能(neng)(neng)替代和(he)治理(li)霧霾，走清(qing)潔發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)道路做出積極貢獻。
使用遠方(fang)可再生能(neng)源電力 實現東中部城(cheng)市清潔發展轉型(xing)
電(dian)(dian)是二次清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，東(dong)中(zhong)部城市(shi)實現(xian)清(qing)潔發展轉型，需要(yao)全面(mian)實施電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替代，通過(guo)以電(dian)(dian)代煤(mei)、以電(dian)(dian)代油，切實提高電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在城市(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費的(de)比重。在當前(qian)(qian)煤(mei)炭產(chan)業(ye)去產(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、嚴格控(kong)制東(dong)中(zhong)部煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)發展的(de)背(bei)景下(xia)，東(dong)中(zhong)部城市(shi)替代的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)還必(bi)須是來(lai)自清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。但目(mu)前(qian)(qian)北京、天津等(deng)(deng)東(dong)中(zhong)部一線城市(shi)的(de)清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)比重低，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型壓(ya)力大(da)。截至(zhi)2016年底，北京、天津發電(dian)(dian)總裝機分別達(da)到1103萬(wan)、1467萬(wan)千瓦，水電(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)裝機占比均不到15%，未來(lai)必(bi)須提高可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)量消費比重。
從東中部一線(xian)城市可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)稟(bing)賦看，目前北(bei)京(jing)、天(tian)(tian)津水能(neng)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)匱乏，清(qing)潔發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)需要依靠(kao)風(feng)能(neng)和太陽能(neng)。根據(ju)中國氣象局最(zui)新資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)普查數據(ju)和相關研究結論，北(bei)京(jing)、天(tian)(tian)津80米(mi)高風(feng)能(neng)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的開(kai)發(fa)(fa)潛力分(fen)別(bie)僅為(wei)(wei)39萬(wan)、46萬(wan)千瓦，分(fen)布式(shi)光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電開(kai)發(fa)(fa)上限分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)460萬(wan)、360萬(wan)千瓦。按全部開(kai)發(fa)(fa)本地可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)測算，未來(lai)北(bei)京(jing)、天(tian)(tian)津本地可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝機占比分(fen)別(bie)達(da)到約(yue)30%和20%，可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電量占本地用電量的比例僅為(wei)(wei)5%和6%，對(dui)優化電源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構、推動(dong)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)型的作用非常有限，客觀(guan)上決(jue)定了一線(xian)城市仍(reng)然需要大量接(jie)受外(wai)來(lai)可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電力。
積極推動可(ke)再(zai)生能源跨(kua)區外送 可(ke)再(zai)生能源外送電(dian)量規模創新高
加快(kuai)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源配套跨區電網建(jian)設，為“三北”地區可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源能(neng)源大(da)規(gui)模外送(song)創造條件。目前納入大(da)氣污染防(fang)治行動(dong)計(ji)劃(hua)“四(si)交(jiao)(jiao)四(si)直(zhi)(zhi)”特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全部(bu)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)設，已建(jian)成(cheng)投運寧東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)～浙江±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、錫盟～山東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、蒙西(xi)(xi)～天津南(nan)1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、哈密～鄭州±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，線路(lu)長度(du)合計(ji)達(da)到5168公(gong)里，輸(shu)送(song)能(neng)力(li)3300萬千(qian)(qian)瓦，對西(xi)(xi)北和(he)蒙西(xi)(xi)地區可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源外送(song)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中部(bu)地區消納發揮了重要作用。加快(kuai)推進酒泉～湖南(nan)±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、扎魯(lu)特(te)～山東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、準(zhun)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)～皖南(nan)±1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，線路(lu)長度(du)合計(ji)達(da)到6941公(gong)里，輸(shu)送(song)能(neng)力(li)3000萬千(qian)(qian)瓦。
積極組(zu)織(zhi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)，擴大(da)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)消納市(shi)場(chang)。2016年，北京電力交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)中心掛(gua)牌成(cheng)(cheng)立，發揮大(da)電網(wang)、大(da)市(shi)場(chang)、大(da)平(ping)臺優化配置能(neng)源(yuan)資源(yuan)的優勢，全年開展(zhan)各(ge)類交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)1200余次，完成(cheng)(cheng)包括(kuo)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)在(zai)內的市(shi)場(chang)化交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)電量7907億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比增(zeng)長(chang)59%。組(zu)織(zhi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)電量3332億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比增(zeng)長(chang)10.3%。其中，完成(cheng)(cheng)國家計劃、政府(fu)間(jian)協議2760億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比增(zeng)長(chang)11.7%；多措并舉組(zu)織(zhi)市(shi)場(chang)化交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)572億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比增(zeng)長(chang)3.9%。創新可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)市(shi)場(chang)化交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)方式，開展(zhan)電力援疆、新疆可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)外送(song)電量增(zeng)加3.69億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)；開展(zhan)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區直(zhi)接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)，通(tong)過寧東～浙江(jiang)特(te)高壓輸電線(xian)路完成(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)直(zhi)接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)電量18億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)；開展(zhan)跨(kua)區風火發電權交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)，寧夏新能(neng)源(yuan)替代上海火電機(ji)組(zu)0.74億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)。組(zu)織(zhi)啟動(dong)跨(kua)區跨(kua)省(sheng)現貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)，2017年1月(yue)份，組(zu)織(zhi)現貨(huo)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)共計105筆(bi)1.8億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)。
充(chong)分(fen)發揮大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)優勢(shi)，加(jia)強全網(wang)(wang)(wang)調峰資源(yuan)和通道富余(yu)送(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)的集中監控，盡最大(da)可能(neng)利用現有跨(kua)區線(xian)路輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)輸送(song)(song)(song)(song)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)。低(di)谷(gu)時段(duan)將跨(kua)省跨(kua)區送(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率提高(gao)，最大(da)限度輸送(song)(song)(song)(song)新能(neng)源(yuan)。東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通過(guo)提高(gao)高(gao)嶺(ling)背靠背直流低(di)谷(gu)時段(duan)送(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率，增加(jia)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)(song)華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。2015、2016年(nian)(nian)東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)送(song)(song)(song)(song)華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量分(fen)別為53億(yi)、61億(yi)千瓦時，占東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的比例為13%、14%。華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)利用蒙西(xi)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)(song)通道低(di)谷(gu)富余(yu)容量，增加(jia)蒙西(xi)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)(song)。2015、2016年(nian)(nian)蒙西(xi)送(song)(song)(song)(song)華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量分(fen)別達到85億(yi)、84億(yi)千瓦時，占蒙西(xi)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的比例分(fen)別為33%、29%。
通過多方面(mian)的努力(li)，近年來“三北”地區可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源外送(song)至(zhi)東中(zhong)部電(dian)量(liang)不(bu)斷提高(gao)。風電(dian)和太(tai)陽能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)等可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源外送(song)電(dian)量(liang)從2010年1.5億千(qian)瓦時(shi)提高(gao)到(dao)2016年的363億千(qian)瓦時(shi)，年均增長(chang)150%。
著力打破省(sheng)間(jian)壁壘 提高“三北”可再(zai)生能源(yuan)外送電量比例
雖(sui)然目前“三(san)北(bei)”地區可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源外送東中(zhong)部的電量(liang)(liang)不斷提高(gao)，但支撐(cheng)東中(zhong)部一線城市實現清潔發(fa)展(zhan)轉型還不夠(gou)。按照2020年北(bei)京、天津可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源消費電量(liang)(liang)占本(ben)地用電量(liang)(liang)比例均達到20%測(ce)算，需要接受外來可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源電量(liang)(liang)分別(bie)約(yue)為(wei)194億、162億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，而2016年全(quan)年接納的可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源電量(liang)(liang)僅(jin)為(wei)45億、36億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)。
未來(lai)(lai)需要(yao)大力(li)(li)提高東中部(bu)一(yi)線城市(shi)接納(na)外(wai)來(lai)(lai)可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)量比(bi)例。但當(dang)前(qian)突(tu)出問題(ti)是，可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨區(qu)外(wai)送面(mian)臨嚴重的省間壁壘(lei)。國內(nei)經濟形勢尚未回暖，電(dian)力(li)(li)供大于求，可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)由(you)于沒(mei)有配套的國家計劃，加(jia)之(zhi)具(ju)有隨機(ji)性，帶來(lai)(lai)輔助(zhu)服務問題(ti)，跨區(qu)消(xiao)納(na)的壁壘(lei)更加(jia)突(tu)出。目前(qian)，各地(di)政(zheng)府普遍對省間交(jiao)易進(jin)行(xing)行(xing)政(zheng)干預(yu)(yu)，干預(yu)(yu)力(li)(li)度不斷加(jia)大。部(bu)分省份經濟主管(guan)部(bu)門要(yao)求電(dian)網企業(ye)在本省發電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)達到一(yi)定利用小(xiao)時數前(qian)，不得購買低價外(wai)來(lai)(lai)電(dian)，嚴重制(zhi)約可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨區(qu)外(wai)送。
當務之急(ji)是加快構建(jian)(jian)全國統一電力市(shi)(shi)場，建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)有利于打破省(sheng)間(jian)壁壘、促進可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)跨區(qu)(qu)消納的電價(jia)機制(zhi)和(he)(he)配(pei)(pei)額(e)制(zhi)度(du)。完善中(zhong)長期和(he)(he)現貨市(shi)(shi)場交(jiao)易體系，搭建(jian)(jian)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)參與的跨區(qu)(qu)資源(yuan)優化(hua)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)平(ping)臺，通過市(shi)(shi)場機制(zhi)推(tui)動打破省(sheng)間(jian)壁壘，促進可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)在更大范圍消納。推(tui)動落實可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)配(pei)(pei)額(e)制(zhi)度(du)，支持建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)配(pei)(pei)額(e)制(zhi)和(he)(he)綠色證書(shu)交(jiao)易相結合的市(shi)(shi)場化(hua)補貼政策，積(ji)極制(zhi)定“十三五(wu)”分年度(du)東中(zhong)部地區(qu)(qu)各省(sheng)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)電量占(zhan)比(bi)指標，明確消納責任，建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)考核機制(zhi)。