文章來(lai)源：國家電網公司 發布時間：2018-04-19
3月，北(bei)京最后一座燃煤電廠停(ting)機(ji)備用(yong)，這標(biao)志著北(bei)京成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)全國(guo)首(shou)個全部(bu)依靠清潔(jie)能(neng)源發電和外(wai)受電的城市。大力使用(yong)清潔(jie)能(neng)源是(shi)推(tui)(tui)動(dong)城市能(neng)源轉型(xing)、實(shi)現清潔(jie)低碳發展的關鍵。近年來，國(guo)家電網(wang)(wang)公(gong)司認真落實(shi)《大氣污染防治(zhi)行動(dong)計劃》，支持(chi)和服(fu)務可(ke)再生能(neng)源發展，通過(guo)加(jia)快跨區(qu)電網(wang)(wang)建設(she)、組織新能(neng)源大范圍(wei)交易(yi)、強化全網(wang)(wang)統一調度，推(tui)(tui)動(dong)“三北(bei)”地(di)區(qu)大量可(ke)再生能(neng)源外(wai)送至東中部(bu)消(xiao)納，為(wei)(wei)東中部(bu)城市全面推(tui)(tui)進電能(neng)替代和治(zhi)理霧霾，走清潔(jie)發展道路(lu)做(zuo)出(chu)積極貢獻。
使用遠方(fang)可再(zai)生能源電力(li) 實現東中(zhong)部城(cheng)市清潔發展轉型(xing)
電(dian)(dian)是二次清(qing)潔能(neng)源，東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)城市實現清(qing)潔發(fa)展轉型(xing)，需要(yao)全(quan)面(mian)實施(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)替代(dai)，通(tong)過以電(dian)(dian)代(dai)煤、以電(dian)(dian)代(dai)油(you)，切實提高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)在城市能(neng)源消(xiao)費的(de)(de)(de)比重。在當前(qian)煤炭產業去產能(neng)、嚴(yan)格控制東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)煤電(dian)(dian)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)背景下，東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)城市替代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)還(huan)必須(xu)是來(lai)自清(qing)潔能(neng)源。但目前(qian)北京、天津(jin)等東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)一線城市的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔能(neng)源比重低，能(neng)源轉型(xing)壓力大。截至2016年底(di)，北京、天津(jin)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)總裝(zhuang)機分別達到1103萬(wan)、1467萬(wan)千瓦，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)等可再(zai)生能(neng)源裝(zhuang)機占比均不到15%，未來(lai)必須(xu)提高(gao)(gao)可再(zai)生能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)量消(xiao)費比重。
從(cong)東中部一線城市可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦看，目前北(bei)京、天津(jin)水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)資源(yuan)(yuan)匱(kui)乏，清潔發(fa)(fa)展需要依靠風能(neng)(neng)(neng)和太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)。根據(ju)中國氣象(xiang)局最新資源(yuan)(yuan)普查數據(ju)和相關研究結論，北(bei)京、天津(jin)80米高風能(neng)(neng)(neng)資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)潛(qian)力分(fen)(fen)別(bie)僅(jin)為39萬、46萬千(qian)瓦，分(fen)(fen)布式光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)上(shang)限分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為460萬、360萬千(qian)瓦。按全(quan)部開(kai)發(fa)(fa)本(ben)地(di)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)測算，未來北(bei)京、天津(jin)本(ben)地(di)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機占(zhan)比分(fen)(fen)別(bie)達(da)到(dao)約(yue)30%和20%，可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量占(zhan)本(ben)地(di)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量的(de)比例(li)僅(jin)為5%和6%，對優化電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)結構、推動能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型的(de)作用(yong)非常(chang)有限，客觀上(shang)決定了一線城市仍然需要大量接受外(wai)來可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力。
積極推(tui)動可再生能(neng)源跨區外送 可再生能(neng)源外送電量(liang)規模創新(xin)高
加快(kuai)可再生能源(yuan)配套跨區電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設，為“三北(bei)”地區可再生能源(yuan)能源(yuan)大規模外(wai)送(song)創造條件。目(mu)前納入大氣(qi)污染(ran)防治行(xing)動計劃“四(si)交(jiao)四(si)直(zhi)”特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)全部開工(gong)建(jian)設，已建(jian)成投運寧東(dong)(dong)～浙江±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、錫盟～山東(dong)(dong)1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、蒙西～天津南(nan)1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、哈密～鄭州±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)，線路長度合計達到(dao)5168公里，輸(shu)送(song)能力3300萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，對(dui)西北(bei)和(he)蒙西地區可再生能源(yuan)外(wai)送(song)東(dong)(dong)中(zhong)部地區消納發(fa)揮了(le)重(zhong)要(yao)作用。加快(kuai)推進酒(jiu)泉～湖南(nan)±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、扎魯特(te)(te)(te)～山東(dong)(dong)±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、準東(dong)(dong)～皖(wan)南(nan)±1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)，線路長度合計達到(dao)6941公里，輸(shu)送(song)能力3000萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。
積極組(zu)織(zhi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，擴(kuo)大(da)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消納市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。2016年(nian)(nian)，北(bei)京電(dian)(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)中(zhong)心掛牌(pai)成(cheng)(cheng)立，發(fa)揮大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、大(da)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、大(da)平臺優化(hua)配置(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)資源(yuan)的優勢，全(quan)年(nian)(nian)開展各類(lei)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)1200余次(ci)，完成(cheng)(cheng)包括可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)在內的市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)7907億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)59%。組(zu)織(zhi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)省跨(kua)區交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)3332億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)10.3%。其(qi)中(zhong)，完成(cheng)(cheng)國家(jia)計劃、政府間協議2760億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)11.7%；多措并(bing)舉組(zu)織(zhi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)572億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)3.9%。創新(xin)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)方式，開展電(dian)(dian)(dian)力援疆、新(xin)疆可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外送電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)加(jia)3.69億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)；開展可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區直接交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，通(tong)過寧東～浙江特高壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路完成(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)直接交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)18億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)；開展跨(kua)區風(feng)火發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)權交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，寧夏新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)替代(dai)上(shang)海火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)0.74億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)。組(zu)織(zhi)啟(qi)動(dong)跨(kua)區跨(kua)省現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，2017年(nian)(nian)1月份，組(zu)織(zhi)現貨(huo)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)共(gong)計105筆1.8億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)。
充分(fen)發揮大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)優勢，加(jia)強全網(wang)調峰(feng)資源和通(tong)道(dao)富余送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力的集中(zhong)監控(kong)，盡(jin)最大(da)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)利用現有跨區線路輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力輸(shu)送(song)(song)(song)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源。低(di)(di)谷時(shi)(shi)段將跨省(sheng)跨區送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率提高(gao)，最大(da)限度輸(shu)送(song)(song)(song)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源。東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)通(tong)過(guo)提高(gao)高(gao)嶺背(bei)靠背(bei)直流低(di)(di)谷時(shi)(shi)段送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率，增(zeng)加(jia)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外送(song)(song)(song)華(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。2015、2016年(nian)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)送(song)(song)(song)華(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)分(fen)別(bie)為53億(yi)、61億(yi)千(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)，占(zhan)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的比(bi)例為13%、14%。華(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)利用蒙(meng)西外送(song)(song)(song)通(tong)道(dao)低(di)(di)谷富余容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，增(zeng)加(jia)蒙(meng)西風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)外送(song)(song)(song)。2015、2016年(nian)蒙(meng)西送(song)(song)(song)華(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)分(fen)別(bie)達到85億(yi)、84億(yi)千(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)，占(zhan)蒙(meng)西風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的比(bi)例分(fen)別(bie)為33%、29%。
通(tong)過多方面(mian)的努力，近年來(lai)“三北”地區(qu)可再生能(neng)(neng)源外送至(zhi)東中部電(dian)(dian)量(liang)不斷(duan)提高。風電(dian)(dian)和太陽能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)等可再生能(neng)(neng)源外送電(dian)(dian)量(liang)從2010年1.5億千瓦時(shi)提高到2016年的363億千瓦時(shi)，年均(jun)增長(chang)150%。
著力(li)打(da)破省間壁(bi)壘 提高“三(san)北”可再生能源外送電量比例
雖(sui)然(ran)目前“三北”地區可再生能(neng)源外(wai)送東(dong)中部的電(dian)量(liang)不斷(duan)提高，但支撐(cheng)東(dong)中部一線城市(shi)實現清潔發展轉型還不夠。按(an)照2020年(nian)北京、天津(jin)可再生能(neng)源消費電(dian)量(liang)占(zhan)本地用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)比例(li)均達(da)到20%測算，需(xu)要接受外(wai)來可再生能(neng)源電(dian)量(liang)分別約為194億(yi)、162億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，而2016年(nian)全年(nian)接納的可再生能(neng)源電(dian)量(liang)僅為45億(yi)、36億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)。
未來需要大力(li)提高(gao)東中部一線(xian)城(cheng)市接(jie)納外(wai)來可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)電(dian)量比例(li)。但當前(qian)突出問題(ti)是，可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)外(wai)送面臨嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)省間壁壘(lei)。國(guo)內經(jing)濟形(xing)勢尚未回暖(nuan)，電(dian)力(li)供大于求，可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)由于沒有(you)配套(tao)的(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)計(ji)劃，加(jia)之具有(you)隨機性，帶來輔助服(fu)務問題(ti)，跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)消納的(de)(de)壁壘(lei)更加(jia)突出。目(mu)前(qian)，各(ge)地(di)政府普遍對省間交易進行行政干(gan)預，干(gan)預力(li)度不(bu)斷(duan)加(jia)大。部分省份經(jing)濟主管部門要求電(dian)網(wang)企業在本省發(fa)電(dian)機組達(da)到一定利用小時(shi)數前(qian)，不(bu)得購買低價外(wai)來電(dian)，嚴重(zhong)制約可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)外(wai)送。
當務之(zhi)急是加快構建全國統一電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場，建立(li)(li)有利于打破省(sheng)間壁(bi)壘、促進可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)跨區(qu)(qu)消納的電(dian)價機制(zhi)和(he)配額(e)制(zhi)度(du)(du)。完善中長期和(he)現貨市(shi)場交(jiao)(jiao)易體系，搭建可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)參與(yu)的跨區(qu)(qu)資源(yuan)(yuan)優化配置平臺，通過市(shi)場機制(zhi)推動打破省(sheng)間壁(bi)壘，促進可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)在更(geng)大(da)范圍消納。推動落實可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)配額(e)制(zhi)度(du)(du)，支持建立(li)(li)配額(e)制(zhi)和(he)綠色證(zheng)書交(jiao)(jiao)易相結(jie)合的市(shi)場化補貼政策，積極制(zhi)定“十三五”分年度(du)(du)東中部地區(qu)(qu)各(ge)省(sheng)可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)量占比(bi)指標，明確消納責(ze)任，建立(li)(li)考(kao)核機制(zhi)。