文章來源：經濟日報(bao) 發布(bu)時間：2009-04-01
“早先，哪(na)敢出屋去晨練(lian)，電廠排的氣(qi)體，聞起來就咳嗽，灰(hui)也多。現(xian)在好多了，藍天也多了。”家(jia)住(zhu)河(he)南省安陽市的王玉英，談(tan)起近一年多來該市的環(huan)境變化時這樣(yang)說。
安陽(yang)市(shi)地處黃河以北(bei)，人口525萬(wan)，是世界文化遺產殷墟所(suo)在地。承擔全市(shi)主要供電保障任務的安陽(yang)電廠建(jian)于1958年，歷經多次改擴(kuo)建(jian)，到1998年全廠裝機容量達(da)到95.7萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)。其中，兩(liang)臺(tai)為30萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)機組(zu)(zu)，其余均為10萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)、5萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)和5萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)以下的小機組(zu)(zu)。自(zi)1999年開(kai)始關停(ting)小機組(zu)(zu)以來，到2006年仍留有兩(liang)臺(tai)每千(qian)瓦(wa)時供電煤耗(hao)480克的10萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)小機組(zu)(zu)。
近(jin)年(nian)來隨著電(dian)力(li)建(jian)設(she)步伐加快，河南省(sheng)內(nei)建(jian)成的(de)低能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)、少排(pai)放大(da)機(ji)(ji)組逐年(nian)增多，原有(you)小機(ji)(ji)組能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)高、排(pai)污多，污染(ran)環境問(wen)題也(ye)(ye)日益突出。小機(ji)(ji)組在擠占有(you)限發(fa)電(dian)空間的(de)同時(shi)，也(ye)(ye)使(shi)大(da)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)節能(neng)(neng)高效作用無法充分發(fa)揮。推動小火電(dian)廠關停勢在必(bi)行！
但關停小(xiao)火電(dian)如何做到(dao)兼顧各方利益，確保員工(gong)隊伍穩定？
為此，國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網河(he)南省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)根據國家(jia)和地方政(zheng)府(fu)的出臺(tai)(tai)加快關停小(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)政(zheng)策法規，制定(ding)相關措施(shi)，在安陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠的小(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組關停上，與(yu)河(he)南省(sheng)有關部門共同(tong)配合，走出了一(yi)條通(tong)過搭建電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)平臺(tai)(tai)，進行(xing)“上大壓(ya)小(xiao)”發電(dian)(dian)(dian)權(quan)市場化交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，實現節能減排、多方共贏的新路。
2007年(nian)1月22日(ri)和(he)28日(ri)，安(an)陽電(dian)(dian)廠兩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)10萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組(zu)被爆破(po)拆除。按照爆破(po)前(qian)安(an)陽發(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠與安(an)陽市(shi)政(zheng)府、國家電(dian)(dian)網河南省公司三方簽訂的協(xie)議，安(an)陽電(dian)(dian)廠獲準建設一臺(tai)(tai)(tai)30萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)熱電(dian)(dian)聯產機(ji)組(zu)（每(mei)(mei)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)供電(dian)(dian)煤(mei)耗(hao)僅(jin)280克），可取代目前(qian)全(quan)市(shi)在(zai)運(yun)的134臺(tai)(tai)(tai)燃煤(mei)小鍋爐(lu)進行供熱。此外，按每(mei)(mei)年(nian)補償11.3億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的指標，被關停兩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)10萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組(zu)的發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，也將按月轉移給安(an)陽電(dian)(dian)廠兩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)在(zai)運(yun)的30萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組(zu)。
安陽(yang)電廠(chang)在2007年3月份得到了補償(chang)電量(liang)7000萬千瓦(wa)(wa)時。抓住3月份豫北地區初春乍暖還寒的有(you)利天氣，安陽(yang)電廠(chang)努力(li)與(yu)省調(diao)通中心溝通，全力(li)以赴，當月實際(ji)完成發(fa)電量(liang)3.2億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)時，算上補償(chang)電量(liang)，比沒有(you)補償(chang)電量(liang)的原計劃實際(ji)超(chao)發(fa)電量(liang)1.0458億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)時。
河南省副省長張(zhang)大(da)衛在總結安(an)陽(yang)電(dian)廠(chang)“上大(da)壓(ya)小(xiao)”做法時(shi)，把它概括(kuo)為(wei)三(san)句話：一(yi)(yi)是通過建大(da)電(dian)廠(chang)，把小(xiao)火(huo)電(dian)廠(chang)壓(ya)掉，在容(rong)量上實現一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)替(ti)換；二是對電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)進行(xing)優(you)化調度，發(fa)電(dian)過程中誰(shui)節(jie)能，優(you)先安(an)排誰(shui)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)；三(san)是實行(xing)發(fa)電(dian)量計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)交(jiao)易，小(xiao)火(huo)電(dian)把自己發(fa)電(dian)量計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)指標(biao)向大(da)火(huo)電(dian)轉讓，大(da)火(huo)電(dian)給(gei)小(xiao)火(huo)電(dian)以補償，補償的(de)(de)資(zi)金用于小(xiao)火(huo)電(dian)機組的(de)(de)職工(gong)安(an)置，促進小(xiao)火(huo)電(dian)早日關停。
“十一五”期間，河(he)北(bei)省南(nan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)將有(you)324.995萬千(qian)瓦小火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組實(shi)施關停(ting)(ting)，占全省關停(ting)(ting)計劃的(de)75.8％。為(wei)及時頂上關停(ting)(ting)小火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)任務，確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應，華能上安電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠作(zuo)為(wei)河(he)北(bei)省南(nan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)主力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠，在(zai)確保130萬千(qian)瓦機(ji)組安全運行(xing)的(de)同(tong)時，目前正在(zai)加緊(jin)建設2臺(tai)每千(qian)瓦時供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)煤耗僅300克的(de)62萬千(qian)瓦超臨界(jie)機(ji)組。按現有(you)工程進度，預計到今年下(xia)半年就可相繼投產。屆時，上安電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)將達到254萬千(qian)瓦，成(cheng)為(wei)河(he)北(bei)省南(nan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)最大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠。
為確保“上(shang)(shang)大壓(ya)(ya)小”節(jie)能減排任務(wu)的(de)如期完(wan)成，河北省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司(si)按照國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司(si)的(de)要求，以電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)為平臺，在(zai)積極進(jin)行“上(shang)(shang)大壓(ya)(ya)小”發電(dian)(dian)(dian)權市場化交易的(de)同時，也制定了(le)《河北省(sheng)南部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)關(guan)停小火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組配套電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設實(shi)施方案》，并投資18.6億元實(shi)施了(le)“上(shang)(shang)大壓(ya)(ya)小”配套電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)程。計劃擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)500千伏(fu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站3座(zuo)，新（擴(kuo)）建(jian)(jian)(jian)220千伏(fu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站8座(zuo)，線(xian)路227公(gong)里(li)；新建(jian)(jian)(jian)110千伏(fu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站7座(zuo)，線(xian)路306公(gong)里(li)。
據國家電網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)有(you)關人士介紹，2007年全公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)結合“上(shang)(shang)大(da)壓小(xiao)”繼續加快電網(wang)(wang)(wang)建設，電網(wang)(wang)(wang)開工和(he)投產(chan)規模(mo)再創(chuang)歷(li)史新(xin)高。全年新(xin)開工110千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)59935公(gong)(gong)里(li)，同比增(zeng)長30.1％。其中，330千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)17784公(gong)(gong)里(li)，220千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)20120公(gong)(gong)里(li)，110千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)22031公(gong)(gong)里(li)。全年新(xin)投產(chan)110千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)54474公(gong)(gong)里(li)，同比增(zeng)長24.6％。其中，330千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)13479公(gong)(gong)里(li)，220千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)19437公(gong)(gong)里(li)，110千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)21558公(gong)(gong)里(li)。
統計顯示(shi)，2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)全國共(gong)關停(ting)小火電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)553臺(tai)，裝機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)1438萬(wan)千瓦，超額完成了(le)全年(nian)(nian)(nian)關停(ting)1000萬(wan)千瓦目(mu)標。隨著投(tou)產大(da)型高效機(ji)組(zu)作(zuo)用(yong)的發(fa)揮(hui)和小火電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)的關停(ting)，2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)電(dian)力(li)工業每千瓦時(shi)供電(dian)煤耗下降(jiang)了(le)10克，與上年(nian)(nian)(nian)相(xiang)比節約原煤4000萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，若折合(he)成發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)達870億千瓦時(shi)，相(xiang)當于三峽水電(dian)站全部機(ji)組(zu)投(tou)產后全年(nian)(nian)(nian)的發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)。減(jian)少二(er)氧化碳排(pai)放近8000萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)、減(jian)少二(er)氧化硫排(pai)放60多萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)。
鑒(jian)于2007年電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)在滿(man)足全社會旺盛(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力需求同時，在“上(shang)大壓小”、節(jie)能減排中邁(mai)出的(de)扎實步伐，國家發改委(wei)宣布，2008年全國計劃(hua)關停小火電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)目標為1300萬千瓦。