文章來源：經濟日報 發(fa)布時間：2009-04-01
“早先，哪敢出屋(wu)去晨練(lian)，電(dian)廠排的氣(qi)體，聞起來就咳嗽，灰(hui)也(ye)多。現在好多了(le)，藍(lan)天也(ye)多了(le)。”家住河(he)南省安陽(yang)市的王(wang)玉英，談(tan)起近一年(nian)多來該市的環(huan)境變化時這樣說。
安(an)陽市地(di)處黃河以(yi)北，人口525萬(wan)(wan)，是世界文化遺產殷墟(xu)所在地(di)。承擔(dan)全(quan)市主(zhu)要供(gong)電保障任務的(de)安(an)陽電廠建(jian)于1958年(nian)，歷(li)經(jing)多(duo)次改擴建(jian)，到1998年(nian)全(quan)廠裝機(ji)容量達到95.7萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。其(qi)中，兩臺為30萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，其(qi)余均(jun)為10萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)、5萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)和5萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)以(yi)下的(de)小機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。自1999年(nian)開始關停小機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)以(yi)來，到2006年(nian)仍留有兩臺每千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時供(gong)電煤耗480克的(de)10萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)小機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。
近年來隨(sui)著電(dian)力建設步伐加快(kuai)，河(he)南省內建成的(de)低能(neng)耗、少排放大機組逐年增(zeng)多(duo)，原有(you)小機組能(neng)耗高、排污(wu)多(duo)，污(wu)染環境問題(ti)也日益突(tu)出。小機組在擠(ji)占有(you)限發(fa)電(dian)空間(jian)的(de)同時(shi)，也使大機組的(de)節能(neng)高效作用無法充分發(fa)揮。推動小火電(dian)廠關停勢在必行！
但關停小火電如何做到兼顧各(ge)方(fang)利(li)益，確保員工隊伍穩定？
為此，國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)網河南(nan)省電(dian)力公司(si)根據(ju)國(guo)家(jia)和地方政府的出臺加快關(guan)停小火(huo)電(dian)政策法規，制定相關(guan)措施，在安陽電(dian)廠的小火(huo)電(dian)機組關(guan)停上，與河南(nan)省有關(guan)部門共(gong)同(tong)配合(he)，走(zou)出了一條通過搭建電(dian)力交易(yi)平(ping)臺，進行“上大壓小”發(fa)電(dian)權市場化交易(yi)，實現節(jie)能減排、多(duo)方共(gong)贏的新路。
2007年1月22日和28日，安(an)(an)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠兩臺(tai)(tai)10萬(wan)(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組被爆破拆除。按照爆破前安(an)(an)陽(yang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠與(yu)安(an)(an)陽(yang)市政府、國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)河(he)南省公司三方簽訂(ding)的協(xie)議，安(an)(an)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠獲準(zhun)建(jian)設一臺(tai)(tai)30萬(wan)(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯產機(ji)組（每千瓦(wa)(wa)時供電(dian)(dian)(dian)煤(mei)耗僅(jin)280克），可取(qu)代目前全市在(zai)運(yun)的134臺(tai)(tai)燃煤(mei)小鍋爐進(jin)行供熱。此外，按每年補償11.3億千瓦(wa)(wa)時發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的指標，被關停兩臺(tai)(tai)10萬(wan)(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，也(ye)將按月轉移給安(an)(an)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠兩臺(tai)(tai)在(zai)運(yun)的30萬(wan)(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組。
安陽電(dian)廠在2007年3月份得到了補(bu)償電(dian)量(liang)7000萬千(qian)瓦(wa)時。抓住3月份豫(yu)北地(di)區(qu)初(chu)春(chun)乍暖(nuan)還寒的有利天(tian)氣，安陽電(dian)廠努力(li)與省調通中心溝通，全力(li)以赴，當月實際完成發電(dian)量(liang)3.2億千(qian)瓦(wa)時，算(suan)上(shang)補(bu)償電(dian)量(liang)，比沒有補(bu)償電(dian)量(liang)的原計(ji)劃實際超發電(dian)量(liang)1.0458億千(qian)瓦(wa)時。
河南省副(fu)省長張(zhang)大(da)(da)衛在總結安(an)(an)陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)“上大(da)(da)壓(ya)小(xiao)(xiao)”做法(fa)時，把它概括為三(san)句話(hua)：一是(shi)通過(guo)建大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，把小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)壓(ya)掉，在容量上實現一定的(de)(de)替換；二是(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行優化調度，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中誰節能，優先安(an)(an)排誰的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)(ji)劃；三(san)是(shi)實行發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量計(ji)(ji)劃交易(yi)，小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)把自己發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量計(ji)(ji)劃指標向大(da)(da)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉讓，大(da)(da)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)給(gei)小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)補償，補償的(de)(de)資金用于小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組的(de)(de)職工安(an)(an)置，促進小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)早日關停。
“十一五”期(qi)間，河北(bei)省(sheng)南部電(dian)網(wang)將有(you)324.995萬千(qian)瓦小火(huo)(huo)電(dian)機(ji)組實施關(guan)停(ting)，占全省(sheng)關(guan)停(ting)計劃的(de)(de)75.8％。為(wei)及時(shi)(shi)頂上(shang)關(guan)停(ting)小火(huo)(huo)電(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)任(ren)務，確保電(dian)力供(gong)應，華能上(shang)安(an)電(dian)廠(chang)作為(wei)河北(bei)省(sheng)南部電(dian)網(wang)主力發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)，在(zai)(zai)確保130萬千(qian)瓦機(ji)組安(an)全運行的(de)(de)同時(shi)(shi)，目前正在(zai)(zai)加(jia)緊(jin)建(jian)設2臺每千(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)供(gong)電(dian)煤(mei)耗(hao)僅300克的(de)(de)62萬千(qian)瓦超(chao)臨(lin)界機(ji)組。按(an)現有(you)工程(cheng)進度，預(yu)計到(dao)今年下半(ban)年就可相繼投產。屆時(shi)(shi)，上(shang)安(an)電(dian)廠(chang)裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)將達(da)到(dao)254萬千(qian)瓦，成為(wei)河北(bei)省(sheng)南部電(dian)網(wang)裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)最大的(de)(de)電(dian)廠(chang)。
為確保“上大壓(ya)小”節能(neng)減排任務的(de)如(ru)期完(wan)成，河(he)北省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)按照(zhao)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公司(si)的(de)要求，以電(dian)(dian)(dian)網為平(ping)臺，在積極進行“上大壓(ya)小”發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)權市場化交易的(de)同(tong)時，也制定了《河(he)北省(sheng)南部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網關停小火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組配(pei)套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網建(jian)(jian)設(she)實(shi)施方案(an)》，并投資(zi)18.6億元實(shi)施了“上大壓(ya)小”配(pei)套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網建(jian)(jian)設(she)工程。計劃擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)500千(qian)伏變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站3座(zuo)(zuo)，新（擴(kuo)）建(jian)(jian)220千(qian)伏變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站8座(zuo)(zuo)，線路(lu)227公里；新建(jian)(jian)110千(qian)伏變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站7座(zuo)(zuo)，線路(lu)306公里。
據國家(jia)電(dian)網公(gong)(gong)(gong)司有關人士介紹，2007年(nian)全(quan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司結合“上(shang)大壓小”繼續加快電(dian)網建設，電(dian)網開工和投(tou)產規模再創歷史新(xin)高。全(quan)年(nian)新(xin)開工110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)以上(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路(lu)59935公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)，同比增(zeng)長30.1％。其(qi)中(zhong)，330千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)以上(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路(lu)17784公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)，220千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路(lu)20120公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)，110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路(lu)22031公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。全(quan)年(nian)新(xin)投(tou)產110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)以上(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路(lu)54474公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)，同比增(zeng)長24.6％。其(qi)中(zhong)，330千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)以上(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路(lu)13479公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)，220千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路(lu)19437公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)，110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)以上(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路(lu)21558公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。
統計顯示，2007年全國共關停小火電機(ji)組(zu)553臺，裝機(ji)容量1438萬(wan)千瓦(wa)，超額完成了(le)全年關停1000萬(wan)千瓦(wa)目標。隨著(zhu)投產大型高效機(ji)組(zu)作用的發揮和小火電機(ji)組(zu)的關停，2007年電力(li)工業每千瓦(wa)時供電煤耗下降了(le)10克，與上(shang)年相比(bi)節約(yue)原(yuan)煤4000萬(wan)噸(dun)，若折合成發電量達870億千瓦(wa)時，相當于三峽水(shui)電站全部機(ji)組(zu)投產后(hou)全年的發電量。減少二氧化碳排放(fang)近(jin)8000萬(wan)噸(dun)、減少二氧化硫排放(fang)60多萬(wan)噸(dun)。
鑒于2007年電(dian)力工業在滿足全社會旺盛電(dian)力需求(qiu)同(tong)時，在“上大壓小(xiao)”、節能減(jian)排(pai)中邁出的扎(zha)實步伐，國家發改委宣布，2008年全國計劃關停小(xiao)火電(dian)機組目標為1300萬千瓦(wa)。