文章來源：經濟日報 發布時間：2020-05-24
改革開(kai)放(fang)40多年來，我國(guo)已建立(li)起門類齊(qi)全(quan)、獨立(li)完(wan)整的工(gong)業(ye)(ye)體系(xi)，成為(wei)全(quan)世界唯一擁有聯合(he)國(guo)產業(ye)(ye)分(fen)類中全(quan)部工(gong)業(ye)(ye)門類的國(guo)家，尤(you)其是處于工(gong)業(ye)(ye)體系(xi)核心的制造業(ye)(ye)已經具(ju)備全(quan)球矚(zhu)目(mu)的規模(mo)優(you)勢。
目前，中國制造業(ye)大(da)而不強(qiang)、大(da)而不精的客觀情(qing)勢(shi)仍較為突出，與德國、日本、美國等全球制造業(ye)先進(jin)強(qiang)國的差距依然明顯。
大(da)國(guo)必(bi)須要(yao)有(you)一(yi)個完整的(de)(de)工業體系(xi)(xi)，強國(guo)必(bi)須要(yao)有(you)一(yi)個高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業體系(xi)(xi)。推動中國(guo)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業向更高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)發展(zhan)，必(bi)須以“新(xin)發展(zhan)理念”為(wei)統領(ling)，大(da)膽改革、勇(yong)于(yu)突破，采(cai)取(qu)有(you)力措施(shi)，構(gou)建高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業體系(xi)(xi)，助推我國(guo)加快從制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)大(da)國(guo)邁向制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)強國(guo)。
加快構建制造業科技創新體系
科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)是助(zhu)推(tui)(tui)制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)原(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)動力。支撐我國制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)體(ti)系有待進一步完(wan)善，良(liang)好(hao)的創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)生(sheng)態系統尚未形(xing)成(cheng)。走好(hao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)這步先手棋，一是需(xu)要(yao)加強基(ji)礎(chu)研(yan)究、應用(yong)(yong)研(yan)究及(ji)兩者有機對(dui)接與耦合(he)，全時跟(gen)蹤與捕捉(zhuo)世界科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)前沿領域，夯實與制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)相適(shi)應的現代科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)基(ji)礎(chu)，攻克(ke)一批“卡脖子”關鍵技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)。二是需(xu)要(yao)發(fa)揮市(shi)場在資(zi)源配(pei)置中的決定性作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，賦能各(ge)級科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)果轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)載體(ti)，提(ti)(ti)(ti)質(zhi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)果準入門(men)檻，提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)果轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)效率，注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)果轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)實效，強化(hua)(hua)關鍵共性技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)供給。三(san)是需(xu)要(yao)加快科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)，形(xing)成(cheng)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的“GDP”考核(he)指揮棒，推(tui)(tui)動科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)脫(tuo)虛向實、科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)成(cheng)果由量向質(zhi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)，推(tui)(tui)進“政產學研(yan)用(yong)(yong)”協(xie)同創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)，更好(hao)發(fa)揮政府作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。四是需(xu)要(yao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)企業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)能力，做(zuo)強做(zuo)大做(zuo)實科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)風險基(ji)金，激勵企業(ye)發(fa)揮科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)主體(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，圍繞產業(ye)鏈部(bu)(bu)署創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)鏈，圍繞創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)鏈部(bu)(bu)署資(zi)金鏈，加大企業(ye)R&D投入，使企業(ye)真(zhen)正成(cheng)為(wei)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的源頭活水。五是需(xu)要(yao)抓緊(jin)布局國家(jia)實驗(yan)室，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組(zu)國家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實驗(yan)室體(ti)系，發(fa)揮國家(jia)級實驗(yan)室集中力量辦(ban)大事優勢，聚(ju)焦核(he)心(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點發(fa)力，引領原(yuan)(yuan)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)成(cheng)果重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大突破。
加快構建制造業人才支撐體系
推(tui)動制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)，核(he)心是(shi)科(ke)技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)，關鍵在人(ren)(ren)(ren)。我國(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)隊(dui)伍結(jie)構還難以適應(ying)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)的要求。優化制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)隊(dui)伍結(jie)構，一(yi)是(shi)著(zhu)力(li)激發(fa)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)精(jing)神(shen)、科(ke)學精(jing)神(shen)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)匠精(jing)神(shen)，選樹多領域(yu)多層次制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)典范，推(tui)動全(quan)社會弘揚(yang)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)文化氛圍(wei)，為科(ke)技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)發(fa)展(zhan)創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)良好環境(jing)。二是(shi)大力(li)育才(cai)(cai)、引才(cai)(cai)、聚才(cai)(cai)、用(yong)才(cai)(cai)，形成一(yi)批國(guo)(guo)際視野的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)、掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)際前沿技(ji)術的科(ke)學家(jia)（工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師）、具有專業(ye)(ye)化學科(ke)知識及跨學科(ke)復合(he)型(xing)高(gao)層人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)，集合(he)精(jing)銳力(li)量，下好“先(xian)手棋”。三是(shi)深化技(ji)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養方式，大力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)職業(ye)(ye)教育，推(tui)廣現(xian)代(dai)學徒制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，造(zao)(zao)(zao)就(jiu)一(yi)批以一(yi)線(xian)實踐能(neng)(neng)力(li)為導向、掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)先(xian)進制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的應(ying)用(yong)型(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)和(he)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。四是(shi)健全(quan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)保(bao)障機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，完善技(ji)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養、使用(yong)、管(guan)理(li)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，提高(gao)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的社會地(di)位和(he)經(jing)濟待遇(yu)，形成高(gao)中低梯度化規模適當、結(jie)構合(he)理(li)的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)支撐體系。
加快構建現代服務型制造體系
現代(dai)(dai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務型制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)體系(xi)是助推制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)高(gao)質量(liang)發展的(de)(de)軟(ruan)引擎(qing)。我國一些企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)仍然停留在傳統制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)階段，滿足于生產、加(jia)工、銷(xiao)售，單純追(zhui)求(qiu)產品(pin)銷(xiao)售量(liang)而(er)產生的(de)(de)利(li)潤，忽視前(qian)置(zhi)的(de)(de)專利(li)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)、后(hou)置(zhi)的(de)(de)解決方案等“服(fu)(fu)(fu)務價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)”，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與服(fu)(fu)(fu)務業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)相互脫(tuo)鉤，只做一錘(chui)子買賣。種種跡(ji)象表(biao)明(ming)，現代(dai)(dai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)高(gao)質量(liang)發展，不僅需要現代(dai)(dai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)“硬件”支撐，更需要現代(dai)(dai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)“軟(ruan)件”給(gei)力。構(gou)建(jian)現代(dai)(dai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務型制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)體系(xi)，一是延(yan)伸(shen)布局(ju)(ju)，即(ji)需要推動從制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)向(xiang)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)鏈縱橫延(yan)伸(shen)布局(ju)(ju)，推進制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)向(xiang)高(gao)附加(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)現代(dai)(dai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務型制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉型。二是高(gao)度(du)融合，即(ji)深度(du)開發產品(pin)前(qian)置(zhi)和后(hou)置(zhi)“服(fu)(fu)(fu)務價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)”，借助互聯網、大(da)數據、人工智能等現代(dai)(dai)信息技術，提(ti)高(gao)現代(dai)(dai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務型制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)水平(ping)。三是精細(xi)精準，提(ti)高(gao)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現代(dai)(dai)化服(fu)(fu)(fu)務業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)鏈精細(xi)化程度(du)，為“顧(gu)客”提(ti)供更加(jia)精準化的(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務。
加快構建制造業制度環境體系
推(tui)動(dong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高質(zhi)(zhi)量發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)需要積(ji)極向(xiang)上(shang)、既有活力又有秩序的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度環(huan)境(jing)體(ti)系(xi)支撐。我國(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度環(huan)境(jing)還難以適應制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高質(zhi)(zhi)量發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的要求(qiu)及全(quan)(quan)(quan)球價值鏈競爭軟性要求(qiu)。營造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高質(zhi)(zhi)量發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)有效制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度運行(xing)體(ti)系(xi)，一是改革(ge)，“破”“立(li)”共進(jin)(jin)(jin)，優化制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)結構，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定退出實(shi)施(shi)辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)，在保(bao)障完整工(gong)業(ye)(ye)體(ti)系(xi)條件下，積(ji)極穩(wen)妥推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)優勝劣汰，加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)(kuai)處置“僵尸企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)”。二是開放，持續加(jia)(jia)大(da)改革(ge)開放力度，充分利用內(nei)外兩個市場、兩種資源，加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)(kuai)建(jian)立(li)《外商投資法(fa)(fa)(fa)》，創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)包容(rong)性外商投資環(huan)境(jing)，全(quan)(quan)(quan)要素(su)參與(yu)全(quan)(quan)(quan)球制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)競爭，“三(san)引進(jin)(jin)(jin)、三(san)輸出”同(tong)時發力。三(san)是以“一帶一路”建(jian)設(she)為(wei)重(zhong)點，積(ji)極參與(yu)沿線(xian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)人才培(pei)訓、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)基地(di)(di)和工(gong)業(ye)(ye)園區建(jian)設(she)與(yu)管理(li)，推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)產能和技(ji)(ji)術創(chuang)新合作，帶動(dong)“一帶一路”沿線(xian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)經濟(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、人民(min)富裕(yu)，拓展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)我國(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)國(guo)(guo)際空間。四是打(da)破貿易壁壘，推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)跨境(jing)人民(min)幣支付業(ye)(ye)務，降低企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)市場運行(xing)成本和資金(jin)(jin)風險。五是“強(qiang)身健體(ti)”，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)務必加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律觀念，強(qiang)化知識產權(quan)保(bao)護，熟(shu)悉(xi)和遵守所在國(guo)(guo)家(jia)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律規范以及國(guo)(guo)際法(fa)(fa)(fa)，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)公平競爭。六是強(qiang)化金(jin)(jin)融(rong)投資結構更加(jia)(jia)傾(qing)(qing)向(xiang)實(shi)體(ti)經濟(ji)，更加(jia)(jia)傾(qing)(qing)向(xiang)科技(ji)(ji)創(chuang)新薄(bo)弱環(huan)節，更加(jia)(jia)傾(qing)(qing)向(xiang)守信中小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)、破解民(min)營企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)融(rong)資困局，激發微觀主體(ti)活力。七是加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)(kuai)構建(jian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)協同(tong)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，推(tui)動(dong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高質(zhi)(zhi)量發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)落地(di)(di)、見效等服(fu)務政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)系(xi)統性、銜接性、配套性，防(fang)止制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)服(fu)務政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)“碎片化”，形成制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高質(zhi)(zhi)量發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)局強(qiang)大(da)合力。（李曉壯）
【責任編輯：語謙】