文章來源：經濟日報 發布時間：2019-12-06
改(gai)革開放40年來(lai)(lai)，民營經(jing)(jing)濟已經(jing)(jing)成為推(tui)動我國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)不可或缺的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)力量，成為創業就業的(de)主要(yao)領(ling)域、技(ji)術(shu)創新(xin)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)載體(ti)、國(guo)家(jia)稅(shui)收的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)來(lai)(lai)源。民營經(jing)(jing)濟是社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)成果，是推(tui)動社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)力量，是推(tui)進供給側結構性改(gai)革、推(tui)動高質量發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、建設現代化經(jing)(jing)濟體(ti)系(xi)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)主體(ti)。
建(jian)設現代化經濟體系，應進一步(bu)創新(xin)國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)與民(min)營(ying)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)合作形式，著眼(yan)于(yu)兩(liang)者(zhe)的(de)協作協調發展，構筑國(guo)有民(min)營(ying)高(gao)質量協同發展的(de)新(xin)格局。
一是全力(li)提(ti)升(sheng)國有(you)(you)(you)民營協同的(de)(de)資源(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)效率。在重要(yao)基礎設施和(he)國家安全領域，國有(you)(you)(you)經(jing)濟要(yao)牢(lao)牢(lao)占據(ju)(ju)主導(dao)地位(wei)，壯(zhuang)大國有(you)(you)(you)經(jing)濟，同時可(ke)探索允許民營經(jing)濟適當參股(gu)入股(gu)的(de)(de)路徑，如(ru)作財務投資者，按股(gu)比享受紅利(li)分配(pei)(pei)而不參與(yu)企(qi)(qi)業管理和(he)生產經(jing)營，發揮民企(qi)(qi)參與(yu)建(jian)設的(de)(de)積極性，盤活(huo)民營資本，進而放大國有(you)(you)(you)資本功能，提(ti)升(sheng)國有(you)(you)(you)民營的(de)(de)協同程度；在完(wan)全競爭領域，堅持市(shi)場(chang)取向(xiang)，優(you)(you)勝劣汰。在市(shi)場(chang)失(shi)靈方面，政(zheng)(zheng)府可(ke)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)市(shi)場(chang)反饋精準識別具有(you)(you)(you)動(dong)態(tai)比較優(you)(you)勢和(he)技術創新優(you)(you)勢的(de)(de)國有(you)(you)(you)或(huo)民營企(qi)(qi)業，擇強選好配(pei)(pei)優(you)(you)，通過政(zheng)(zheng)策引導(dao)優(you)(you)化(hua)資源(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)結構。同時，建(jian)立動(dong)態(tai)的(de)(de)退(tui)出(chu)機制，創新企(qi)(qi)業主動(dong)、市(shi)場(chang)撬動(dong)、政(zheng)(zheng)府推動(dong)的(de)(de)三元聯(lian)動(dong)資源(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)形式，深化(hua)資本配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)程度。
二(er)是全力(li)(li)優(you)化國(guo)有(you)民(min)(min)營協(xie)同(tong)的(de)(de)政(zheng)策(ce)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持機制(zhi)(zhi)。第(di)一，完善市(shi)場(chang)平(ping)等(deng)準(zhun)入機制(zhi)(zhi)。盡(jin)快(kuai)制(zhi)(zhi)定和(he)出(chu)臺國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)場(chang)準(zhun)入“正(zheng)負面清單”，堅(jian)持正(zheng)面清單平(ping)等(deng)進入、平(ping)等(deng)競(jing)爭、平(ping)等(deng)審核、平(ping)等(deng)待遇，負面清單嚴格(ge)審查、嚴格(ge)管理和(he)嚴格(ge)禁入。第(di)二(er)，建立協(xie)同(tong)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)創(chuang)(chuang)造機制(zhi)(zhi)。依托(tuo)市(shi)場(chang)建立國(guo)有(you)和(he)民(min)(min)營協(xie)同(tong)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)平(ping)臺，配套協(xie)同(tong)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)基金、創(chuang)(chuang)造風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)基金鼓勵支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持科技(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，將技(ji)術(shu)、人才、資(zi)(zi)(zi)金等(deng)要素資(zi)(zi)(zi)源整(zheng)合集聚，提高要素資(zi)(zi)(zi)源的(de)(de)流動性和(he)使用(yong)效率，形成(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)協(xie)同(tong)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、成(cheng)(cheng)果均衡(heng)分配的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)機制(zhi)(zhi)，充分發揮國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)溢出(chu)效應，促進民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)技(ji)術(shu)革(ge)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)；積極發揮民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)基礎能力(li)(li)、示范(fan)和(he)帶動作用(yong)，提升國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)動力(li)(li)。第(di)三，優(you)化金融(rong)(rong)特別支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持政(zheng)策(ce)。一方(fang)(fang)面，深化普惠金融(rong)(rong)供給側改革(ge)，商業金融(rong)(rong)機構應精準(zhun)識別有(you)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能力(li)(li)、技(ji)術(shu)實力(li)(li)、市(shi)場(chang)潛力(li)(li)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)，優(you)化風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)標準(zhun)，可與其(qi)主業有(you)緊密關聯(lian)的(de)(de)國(guo)有(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本、各類基金（保險(xian)(xian)(xian)、證券、風(feng)投、私募）或其(qi)他(ta)社會資(zi)(zi)(zi)本共同(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)立民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)發展特別基金，分散(san)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金供給風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)；另一方(fang)(fang)面，創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)民(min)(min)營企(qi)(qi)(qi)業債券融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持工(gong)具形式，加強全過(guo)程(cheng)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理，充分利(li)用(yong)信(xin)用(yong)擔保、債權抵(di)押、股權質押、信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)緩釋等(deng)工(gong)具，創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)關聯(lian)擔保、混改企(qi)(qi)(qi)業聯(lian)合擔保等(deng)形式強化支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持，利(li)用(yong)大(da)數(shu)據、“互聯(lian)網(wang)+”實施市(shi)場(chang)化、專業化的(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)精準(zhun)管理，著力(li)(li)防范(fan)化解資(zi)(zi)(zi)金供給、使用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。
三是全力(li)打(da)造(zao)國(guo)有(you)民(min)營(ying)(ying)協同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)融合(he)格(ge)局(ju)。以著眼于構(gou)建(jian)完(wan)整產(chan)業(ye)鏈條、優(you)化產(chan)業(ye)布(bu)局(ju)、建(jian)設現(xian)代產(chan)業(ye)體系和(he)完(wan)善(shan)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)治理結構(gou)、提升(sheng)治理能(neng)力(li)、健全現(xian)代企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制度等宏微觀(guan)相(xiang)(xiang)結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)有(you)民(min)營(ying)(ying)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)為目標，深(shen)化國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)聯(lian)合(he)、混(hun)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)制，形成(cheng)優(you)勢(shi)互補(bu)、特(te)色鮮(xian)明(ming)、機(ji)(ji)制靈活、結構(gou)多元、身份平等、分配公平的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)所有(you)制經濟(ji)。一方(fang)面(mian)，打(da)造(zao)“國(guo)有(you)+”、“民(min)營(ying)(ying)+”的(de)(de)(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)格(ge)局(ju)，探索國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)混(hun)改(gai)納入上下游(you)有(you)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)關聯(lian)民(min)營(ying)(ying)中小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)路徑(jing)，以大帶(dai)小(xiao)；尋求大型龍頭(tou)民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)股權多元化優(you)先(xian)納入有(you)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)關聯(lian)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法，以強扶弱(ruo)，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在更(geng)(geng)多領域、更(geng)(geng)大范圍內形成(cheng)雙向互動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新氣象，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)國(guo)有(you)和(he)民(min)營(ying)(ying)經濟(ji)在更(geng)(geng)廣時(shi)空、更(geng)(geng)深(shen)層次上形成(cheng)“你中有(you)我、我中有(you)你”的(de)(de)(de)(de)新局(ju)面(mian)。另一方(fang)面(mian)，創新國(guo)有(you)民(min)營(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)形式。運用(yong)市(shi)場機(ji)(ji)制讓國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)“攀親結對”，主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)精(jing)準對接和(he)相(xiang)(xiang)互遴(lin)選，更(geng)(geng)好發揮政(zheng)府牽線搭橋、鼓勵幫扶、跟蹤服務、解(jie)憂(you)排難的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，支持(chi)業(ye)務領域相(xiang)(xiang)近、發展方(fang)向相(xiang)(xiang)似、優(you)勢(shi)互補(bu)較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)優(you)先(xian)混(hun)合(he)，形成(cheng)“精(jing)準遴(lin)選—優(you)先(xian)混(hun)合(he)—托底共(gong)濟(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)新方(fang)式，實現(xian)國(guo)有(you)民(min)營(ying)(ying)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效融合(he)和(he)高效協同(tong)(tong)。
四是全力構(gou)建國(guo)(guo)有(you)民營協(xie)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系。通過混(hun)合(he)(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)，完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度、優化(hua)(hua)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)結構(gou)，進而(er)加強(qiang)兩者(zhe)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)協(xie)同發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力度。首先，以轉變管(guan)理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念為(wei)(wei)基本(ben)前提。破除責權(quan)利不(bu)明(ming)(ming)、內(nei)部(bu)人(ren)控制(zhi)(zhi)、家(jia)族式管(guan)理(li)(li)、家(jia)長式決策等企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)障礙，倡導產權(quan)清(qing)晰(xi)、責權(quan)明(ming)(ming)確、管(guan)理(li)(li)專業(ye)、決策科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念。其次，以建立現(xian)代(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)抓手。要(yao)清(qing)晰(xi)界(jie)定(ding)混(hun)合(he)(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)中國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產權(quan)和(he)(he)利益分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)結構(gou)，科學劃分(fen)(fen)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)主體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)責邊界(jie)，充分(fen)(fen)吸(xi)收國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)特長，補上民企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)缺(que)失的(de)(de)(de)(de)“短板”，形成相互協(xie)調(diao)有(you)力、決策科學、制(zhi)(zhi)衡有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)結構(gou)；要(yao)加強(qiang)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)(hua)建設，學習借鑒民企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)參與市(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)、靈活(huo)經(jing)營的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)，探(tan)索選人(ren)用人(ren)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)(hua)、激勵約束機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)、考核分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)標(biao)準化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)，提升國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度。再次，以完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系為(wei)(wei)根(gen)本(ben)目標(biao)。國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)要(yao)以混(hun)合(he)(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)股權(quan)多(duo)樣化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)主體(ti)(ti)多(duo)元化(hua)(hua)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)契機(ji)，建立從治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念方(fang)式優化(hua)(hua)、體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)到治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)目標(biao)科學、治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)效率提高的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系，提升治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)水平(ping)和(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)能力，進而(er)構(gou)筑(zhu)高質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)有(you)民營協(xie)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)經(jing)濟格局(ju)。（重(zhong)慶國(guo)(guo)際投資(zi)咨詢(xun)集團智庫研(yan)究中心(xin) 楊(yang)樹維 李培(pei)）
【責任編輯：宋詞】