發布(bu)時間：2016-04-09
全(quan)面(mian)深化改革(ge)(ge)關系到黨(dang)和(he)(he)人民(min)事(shi)業前途命運，關系到黨(dang)的執(zhi)政基礎和(he)(he)執(zhi)政地位。全(quan)面(mian)深化改革(ge)(ge)必須(xu)堅(jian)持公有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的主(zhu)體(ti)地位，堅(jian)持和(he)(he)完善基本經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)度，毫不動搖(yao)(yao)地鞏固和(he)(he)發展公有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，毫不動搖(yao)(yao)地鼓勵(li)、支持、引導非(fei)公有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發展，保(bao)證社會(hui)主(zhu)義社會(hui)的基本性質和(he)(he)發展方向。
全面深化改革必須堅持“兩個毫不動搖”
改(gai)(gai)革開放(fang)(fang)是(shi)決(jue)定(ding)當代中(zhong)國(guo)命運的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵一(yi)招，也是(shi)決(jue)定(ding)實(shi)現“兩個(ge)一(yi)百年(nian)”奮(fen)斗目標、實(shi)現中(zhong)華民族偉大復興的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵一(yi)招。我國(guo)改(gai)(gai)革已經進(jin)入攻堅期和(he)深(shen)水區(qu)。沖破(po)(po)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)觀(guan)念的(de)(de)(de)障礙、突破(po)(po)利益固化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)藩(fan)籬，解(jie)放(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)首要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。解(jie)放(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)前(qian)提(ti)，是(shi)解(jie)放(fang)(fang)和(he)發展社(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)(li)、解(jie)放(fang)(fang)和(he)增強社(she)會(hui)(hui)活力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)總開關(guan)；解(jie)放(fang)(fang)和(he)發展社(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)(li)、解(jie)放(fang)(fang)和(he)增強社(she)會(hui)(hui)活力(li)(li)，是(shi)解(jie)放(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)然(ran)結果，也是(shi)解(jie)放(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)基礎。在(zai)深(shen)化(hua)改(gai)(gai)革問題上(shang)，一(yi)些思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)觀(guan)念障礙往(wang)往(wang)不是(shi)來自體制外而是(shi)來自體制內。思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不解(jie)放(fang)(fang)，就很難(nan)看清(qing)各種利益固化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)癥結所在(zai)，很難(nan)找準突破(po)(po)的(de)(de)(de)方向和(he)著力(li)(li)點，很難(nan)拿出(chu)創造性的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革舉措(cuo)。因此(ci)，黨的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)八(ba)屆三中(zhong)全會(hui)(hui)指出(chu)：“實(shi)現中(zhong)華民族偉大復興的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)夢，必(bi)(bi)須在(zai)新的(de)(de)(de)歷史起點上(shang)全面深(shen)化(hua)改(gai)(gai)革”，必(bi)(bi)須“進(jin)一(yi)步解(jie)放(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、解(jie)放(fang)(fang)和(he)發展社(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)(li)、解(jie)放(fang)(fang)和(he)增強社(she)會(hui)(hui)活力(li)(li)，堅決(jue)破(po)(po)除各方面體制機制弊端”。
公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)體、多種所有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)共同發(fa)展的基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特色社會主(zhu)義制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的重(zhong)要(yao)支柱(zhu)，也是(shi)社會主(zhu)義市場經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的根基(ji)。改革開放(fang)以來，我國(guo)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結構逐(zhu)步調整(zheng)，公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)非公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)在發(fa)展經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)、促(cu)進就業(ye)等方面的比(bi)重(zhong)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)變(bian)化，增(zeng)強了經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)社會發(fa)展活(huo)力。黨的十(shi)八屆三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)全會在《中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)關于全面深化改革若干重(zhong)大問(wen)題的決(jue)定》（以下簡稱(cheng)《決(jue)定》）中(zhong)(zhong)強調：“必須毫不(bu)(bu)動(dong)搖(yao)鞏固和(he)發(fa)展公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，堅持公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)體地位，發(fa)揮(hui)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)導(dao)(dao)作用，不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)增(zeng)強國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)力、控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力、影響力。必須毫不(bu)(bu)動(dong)搖(yao)鼓勵、支持、引導(dao)(dao)非公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)展，激發(fa)非公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)力和(he)創(chuang)造力。”
行(xing)動最有(you)(you)(you)(you)說服(fu)力。黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)十八大(da)以(yi)來(lai)，以(yi)習(xi)近平(ping)(ping)同(tong)志為總書記的(de)(de)(de)(de)黨中(zhong)央(yang)堅持和(he)完善公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)、多種所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)共同(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，用實實在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)舉(ju)措(cuo)很(hen)好地(di)詮釋了(le)“兩個毫不(bu)動搖”。首先，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)功能定位上(shang)明(ming)確公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)都(dou)是(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)場經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要組成部分，都(dou)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要基礎。這(zhe)表明(ming)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)都(dou)是(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)場經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)競(jing)爭主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)，統(tong)一(yi)于社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)初級(ji)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)中(zhong)，也標志著我(wo)們黨對基本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、對中(zhong)國(guo)特色社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)規(gui)律認識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)化。其次，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)保護上(shang)明(ming)確提出(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)財(cai)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)可侵犯，非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)財(cai)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)同(tong)樣不(bu)可侵犯。這(zhe)大(da)大(da)深(shen)化了(le)基本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵，消除了(le)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)、資本(ben)(ben)、技術(shu)、信息(xi)、知識(shi)等(deng)(deng)生產(chan)要素配置因所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差別而帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偏見，進(jin)而激發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)民(min)(min)間投(tou)資的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)潛力。再次，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)政策(ce)待遇上(shang)強調堅持權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)、機會(hui)(hui)平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)、規(gui)則平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)，實行(xing)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場準(zhun)入制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，并(bing)鼓勵非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)參與(yu)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)，鼓勵發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)控股(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，鼓勵有(you)(you)(you)(you)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)私營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)建立現代企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。最后，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)上(shang)引導(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)序流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)適(shi)度(du)(du)規(gui)模經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。2013年12月(yue)23日(ri)，習(xi)近平(ping)(ping)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)央(yang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)工作會(hui)(hui)議上(shang)指(zhi)出(chu)，改(gai)革(ge)前(qian)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)集體(ti)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)是(shi)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)合一(yi)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)集體(ti)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)、集體(ti)統(tong)一(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。搞家庭聯產(chan)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，把土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)分開(kai)，所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)歸(gui)集體(ti)，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)歸(gui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶，這(zhe)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)創新。“現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，順應(ying)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)保留土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)愿，把農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)分為承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，實現承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)分置并(bing)行(xing)，這(zhe)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)次重大(da)創新。”2014年11月(yue)，中(zhong)央(yang)頒布了(le)《關于引導(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)序流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)適(shi)度(du)(du)規(gui)模經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見》，這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)個時期內指(zhi)導(dao)我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要文件(jian)，進(jin)一(yi)步激發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)改(gai)革(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活力，為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)增(zeng)效、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)增(zeng)收、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)繁(fan)榮注(zhu)入強勁動力。
公有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和(he)非(fei)公有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)共同發展(zhan)，為(wei)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社會發展(zhan)奠定(ding)了堅(jian)實的(de)制(zhi)度(du)基礎(chu)，使我(wo)(wo)國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)走上了一條快速(su)發展(zhan)的(de)軌道。到2015年1月(yue)，全(quan)國(guo)市場(chang)主體穩步發展(zhan)，實有(you)(you)(you)戶數突破7000萬(wan)。2014年3月(yue)至2015年1月(yue)，全(quan)國(guo)新登(deng)記注(zhu)冊(ce)(ce)市場(chang)主體1262.29萬(wan)戶，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)16.60%，注(zhu)冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)（金）20.74萬(wan)億(yi)元(yuan)，增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)86.53%；平均(jun)每天(tian)新登(deng)記注(zhu)冊(ce)(ce)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)1.06萬(wan)戶。國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)總(zong)量不斷增(zeng)(zeng)加，控(kong)制(zhi)力(li)進一步增(zeng)(zeng)強，一大(da)批(pi)極(ji)富活(huo)力(li)的(de)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)和(he)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)控(kong)股企(qi)業(ye)(ye)脫穎而出(chu)。根據財政部的(de)數據，2014年1-12月(yue)，全(quan)國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)及國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)控(kong)股企(qi)業(ye)(ye)累計實現(xian)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)總(zong)收(shou)入480636.4 億(yi)元(yuan)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)4%。利潤總(zong)額24765.4 億(yi)元(yuan)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)3.4%。截至2014 年12 月(yue)末，全(quan)國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)總(zong)額1021187.8 億(yi)元(yuan)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)12.1%。非(fei)公有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)幾乎從零起步，經(jing)(jing)過蓬勃發展(zhan)，其產(chan)(chan)值比(bi)(bi)重、勞動(dong)力(li)比(bi)(bi)重已占半(ban)壁(bi)江山，一批(pi)現(xian)代化(hua)的(de)私營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)競相(xiang)涌現(xian)，成(cheng)為(wei)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)重要(yao)的(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)點(dian)。2015年1月(yue)，全(quan)國(guo)新登(deng)記注(zhu)冊(ce)(ce)內(nei)資(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)34.45萬(wan)戶，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)38.17%，其中(zhong)，私營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)32.94萬(wan)戶，增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)39.55%，外(wai)商投資(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)0.37萬(wan)戶，增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)6.77%。
全面深化改革必須“膽子要大、步子要穩”
我(wo)(wo)們的改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)是(shi)(shi)有(you)方(fang)向(xiang)、有(you)立場(chang)、有(you)原(yuan)(yuan)則的，是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)特(te)色社會主(zhu)義道(dao)路上(shang)(shang)不(bu)斷前進的改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)，而(er)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)社會主(zhu)義制(zhi)度(du)改(gai)(gai)(gai)弦易張。在(zai)(zai)這個(ge)問(wen)題(ti)上(shang)(shang)頭(tou)腦必須十分(fen)清醒。當前，社會上(shang)(shang)關于(yu)(yu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)的議論很多，“藥方(fang)”也(ye)(ye)很多。很多意見和建議值得深入(ru)思考，但也(ye)(ye)有(you)些(xie)意見和建議偏于(yu)(yu)極端，一(yi)些(xie)敵對(dui)勢力和別有(you)用心的人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)那里搖旗吶喊(han)、制(zhi)造輿論、混淆(xiao)視(shi)聽。對(dui)此，習近平強調，“問(wen)題(ti)的實質是(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)什么(me)、不(bu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)什么(me)，有(you)些(xie)不(bu)能改(gai)(gai)(gai)的，再過(guo)多長時間也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)”。我(wo)(wo)們要(yao)增強政(zheng)治定力，堅(jian)守(shou)政(zheng)治原(yuan)(yuan)則和底(di)線(xian)，決不(bu)能在(zai)(zai)根本性問(wen)題(ti)上(shang)(shang)出(chu)現(xian)顛覆(fu)性錯誤(wu)。2014年2月(yue)7日，習近平在(zai)(zai)接受俄羅斯電視(shi)臺(tai)專訪時指(zhi)出(chu)：“在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)這樣一(yi)個(ge)擁有(you)13億多人(ren)(ren)口的國(guo)家深化改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)，絕非易事(shi)。”“我(wo)(wo)們膽(dan)子要(yao)大(da)、步(bu)(bu)子要(yao)穩(wen)。膽(dan)子要(yao)大(da)，就是(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)再難也(ye)(ye)要(yao)向(xiang)前推進，敢于(yu)(yu)擔當，敢于(yu)(yu)啃硬(ying)骨頭(tou)，敢于(yu)(yu)涉險(xian)灘。步(bu)(bu)子要(yao)穩(wen)，就是(shi)(shi)方(fang)向(xiang)一(yi)定要(yao)準(zhun)，行駛一(yi)定要(yao)穩(wen)，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)能犯顛覆(fu)性錯誤(wu)。”
公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)是社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義經(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的基礎，是社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義區別于(yu)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義的本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)特征。保(bao)持(chi)(chi)全(quan)面(mian)深化改(gai)革沿著(zhu)正確的方向前進(jin)，必須(xu)要堅持(chi)(chi)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)的主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)位。早在2004年5月，習(xi)(xi)近(jin)平在浙江工(gong)作期(qi)間就(jiu)指(zhi)出(chu)：“市(shi)(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)是一(yi)個(ge)動(dong)態過程(cheng)，如果稍有(you)(you)懈怠，原有(you)(you)的先發優勢就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)削弱，已(yi)有(you)(you)的比較優勢也會(hui)(hui)失(shi)去。”公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)在市(shi)(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)中如何(he)進(jin)一(yi)步發揮優勢，保(bao)持(chi)(chi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)位，是當前黨和(he)社(she)會(hui)(hui)各(ge)界關注的重(zhong)要問(wen)題。習(xi)(xi)近(jin)平在“關于(yu)《中共中央關于(yu)全(quan)面(mian)深化改(gai)革若干重(zhong)大(da)問(wen)題的決定》的說明”中指(zhi)出(chu)：“如何(he)更好體(ti)現(xian)和(he)堅持(chi)(chi)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)位，進(jin)一(yi)步探(tan)索基本(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)有(you)(you)效實現(xian)形式，是擺在我(wo)們面(mian)前的一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要課題。”他還指(zhi)出(chu)：“全(quan)會(hui)(hui)強(qiang)(qiang)調必須(xu)毫不(bu)動(dong)搖鞏固和(he)發展公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)，堅持(chi)(chi)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)位，發揮國有(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)導作用，不(bu)斷增強(qiang)(qiang)國有(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)活力、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力、影(ying)響力。”
黨(dang)的(de)十八大(da)以來(lai)，以習近(jin)平(ping)同志為總書記的(de)黨(dang)中央不僅強調了(le)保(bao)證全面深(shen)化改革的(de)正確方向，堅持(chi)公(gong)有制的(de)主體(ti)地位(wei)，而且探索了(le)更好體(ti)現(xian)和堅持(chi)公(gong)有制經(jing)濟主體(ti)地位(wei)的(de)有效途(tu)徑。
進一步發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)，即國有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)、集體(ti)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)、非公資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)通過對(dui)(dui)企業(ye)(ye)共(gong)同(tong)出(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)而(er)相(xiang)互(hu)融(rong)合(he)，不同(tong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)相(xiang)互(hu)間交叉持(chi)股。十(shi)八屆三(san)中全(quan)會通過的(de)(de)《決定(ding)》提(ti)出(chu)，“要(yao)積極發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)”，“混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)是我國基(ji)本(ben)經濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)重要(yao)實(shi)現形(xing)式(shi)。”混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)既(ji)是多種所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)共(gong)同(tong)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)一種實(shi)現形(xing)式(shi)，也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于國有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)放(fang)大功(gong)能(neng)、保值(zhi)增(zeng)值(zhi)、提(ti)高競爭(zheng)力(li)。習(xi)(xi)近平(ping)(ping)在(zai)(zai)“關于《中共(gong)中央(yang)關于全(quan)面(mian)深化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)若(ruo)干(gan)重大問(wen)題的(de)(de)決定(ding)》的(de)(de)說(shuo)明(ming)”中明(ming)確(que)指出(chu)，積極發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)“是新形(xing)勢(shi)下(xia)堅持(chi)公有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)體(ti)地(di)位，增(zeng)強國有(you)(you)(you)經濟(ji)活(huo)力(li)、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)力(li)、影響力(li)的(de)(de)一個有(you)(you)(you)效途徑(jing)和必然(ran)選擇。”2014年(nian)3月(yue)9日，習(xi)(xi)近平(ping)(ping)在(zai)(zai)參加十(shi)二屆全(quan)國人(ren)大二次會議安徽代表團(tuan)的(de)(de)審議時(shi)指出(chu)，發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)，基(ji)本(ben)政策已明(ming)確(que)，關鍵(jian)是細則(ze)，成敗也(ye)在(zai)(zai)細則(ze)。發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)，需要(yao)對(dui)(dui)國有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)和國有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)授權經營體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)進行(xing)改(gai)革(ge)，逐步將(jiang)管(guan)(guan)企業(ye)(ye)為主(zhu)轉變為管(guan)(guan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)為主(zhu)，通過資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)運作，使(shi)國有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)能(neng)夠(gou)根據實(shi)現國家發展(zhan)(zhan)戰略目標和改(gai)善(shan)全(quan)民福(fu)利(li)的(de)(de)需要(yao)，將(jiang)其增(zeng)量及(ji)時(shi)投向相(xiang)關的(de)(de)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)和企業(ye)(ye)，對(dui)(dui)其存量也(ye)能(neng)夠(gou)順利(li)地(di)在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)關企業(ye)(ye)間及(ji)時(shi)轉移和重組(zu)。
進(jin)一步深(shen)化國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業改(gai)革(ge)(ge)，推(tui)動國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業完(wan)善現代(dai)企(qi)(qi)業制度(du)。國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業是(shi)推(tui)進(jin)國(guo)家現代(dai)化、保障人民共同(tong)利(li)益的重要(yao)力量(liang)。經過(guo)多年改(gai)革(ge)(ge)，國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業總(zong)體上已經同(tong)市場經濟相融合。同(tong)時，國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業也積累(lei)了一些(xie)問題(ti)、存在(zai)(zai)一些(xie)弊(bi)端，需要(yao)進(jin)一步推(tui)進(jin)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)。黨的十八(ba)屆(jie)三中(zhong)全會(hui)在(zai)(zai)《決定》中(zhong)強調，深(shen)化國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業改(gai)革(ge)(ge)的重點(dian)目標是(shi)規范(fan)經營決策、資產(chan)保值(zhi)增(zeng)值(zhi)、公(gong)(gong)平參與(yu)競(jing)爭、提(ti)高企(qi)(qi)業效率、增(zeng)強企(qi)(qi)業活力、承擔(dan)社(she)會(hui)責任。國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業屬于(yu)全民所有(you)(you)，國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業改(gai)革(ge)(ge)必須(xu)堅持(chi)正確方(fang)向。早在(zai)(zai)2004年6月，習近(jin)(jin)平在(zai)(zai)談到國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業改(gai)革(ge)(ge)時強調“必須(xu)守住(zhu)一條(tiao)‘底線’，就是(shi)一定要(yao)有(you)(you)效防止國(guo)有(you)(you)資產(chan)流失(shi)”，為(wei)此提(ti)出要(yao)抓住(zhu)的三個“關鍵環節”，即全過(guo)程規范(fan)、全方(fang)位(wei)公(gong)(gong)開、全社(she)會(hui)監督。2014年3月9日，習近(jin)(jin)平在(zai)(zai)參加十二屆(jie)全國(guo)人大二次會(hui)議安徽代(dai)表團的審議時指出，要(yao)吸取過(guo)去國(guo)企(qi)(qi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)經驗和教訓，不能在(zai)(zai)一片改(gai)革(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)浪中(zhong)把(ba)國(guo)有(you)(you)資產(chan)變成牟取暴(bao)利(li)的機會(hui)。改(gai)革(ge)(ge)關鍵是(shi)公(gong)(gong)開透(tou)明。
進(jin)(jin)一步深化(hua)(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)度改(gai)革，把(ba)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)集體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、穩定(ding)(ding)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、放活(huo)(huo)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)本遵循。土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)問題事(shi)關(guan)億萬農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)切身利益，事(shi)關(guan)改(gai)革發展全局。2013年12月(yue)23日，習近平在中央農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)工(gong)作(zuo)會議上(shang)指出，“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)度改(gai)革是(shi)個大事(shi)，涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)、包(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)利益關(guan)系(xi)十分復(fu)雜，必須審(shen)慎穩妥推(tui)進(jin)(jin)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)管(guan)怎么(me)改(gai)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)集體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)垮了(le)(le)(le)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)改(gai)少(shao)了(le)(le)(le)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)糧食產(chan)量(liang)改(gai)下去了(le)(le)(le)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)利益損(sun)害(hai)了(le)(le)(le)。”要(yao)(yao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷探索(suo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)集體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)形式，落(luo)實(shi)(shi)集體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、穩定(ding)(ding)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、放活(huo)(huo)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，加快構建以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)家(jia)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎、合(he)作(zuo)與(yu)聯合(he)為(wei)(wei)紐帶、社會化(hua)(hua)(hua)服務為(wei)(wei)支撐的(de)(de)(de)立(li)體(ti)(ti)式復(fu)合(he)型現(xian)(xian)(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)。承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)流轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)家(jia)庭(ting)越(yue)來越(yue)多，土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)同(tong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)主體(ti)(ti)發生(sheng)分離，成為(wei)(wei)我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)關(guan)系(xi)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)趨(qu)勢。這一變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)對完善(shan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)基(ji)本經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)(zhi)度提出新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。2014年11月(yue)20日，中共中央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳印發了(le)(le)(le)《關(guan)于引導(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)序流轉(zhuan)發展農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)適(shi)度規模(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見(jian)》，明確提出：“堅持農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)集體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，穩定(ding)(ding)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，放活(huo)(huo)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，以家(jia)庭(ting)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎，推(tui)進(jin)(jin)家(jia)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、集體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、合(he)作(zuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、企業(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)等多種經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)方式共同(tong)發展。”在堅持土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)集體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)三權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)分置，是(shi)引導(dao)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)序流轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)基(ji)礎。實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)證明，土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)流轉(zhuan)和適(shi)度規模(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)是(shi)發展現(xian)(xian)(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)必由之路，我(wo)們應從我(wo)國人多地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)少(shao)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)情況千(qian)差萬別的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際出發，積極穩妥地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)，才能(neng)(neng)真正實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代化(hua)(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建設的(de)(de)(de)宏(hong)偉藍(lan)圖。
（本文章摘自2015年《前(qian)線》第4期，作(zuo)者：中(zhong)國人民大(da)學馬(ma)克思主義(yi)學院教授）