發(fa)布時(shi)間：2016-04-09
全(quan)面深化改革關系到黨和(he)人民事(shi)業前途命(ming)運，關系到黨的(de)執政基(ji)礎(chu)和(he)執政地(di)位(wei)。全(quan)面深化改革必須堅持(chi)(chi)公有(you)制經濟的(de)主(zhu)體地(di)位(wei)，堅持(chi)(chi)和(he)完(wan)善基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經濟制度，毫不(bu)動搖地(di)鞏固和(he)發(fa)展公有(you)制經濟，毫不(bu)動搖地(di)鼓勵、支持(chi)(chi)、引(yin)導(dao)非公有(you)制經濟發(fa)展，保證社(she)會主(zhu)義社(she)會的(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)性(xing)質和(he)發(fa)展方向。
全面深化改革必須堅持“兩個毫不動搖”
改(gai)革(ge)開(kai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)(shi)決定當代中(zhong)國(guo)命運(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)一招，也是(shi)(shi)決定實現(xian)(xian)“兩(liang)個一百年”奮斗(dou)目標、實現(xian)(xian)中(zhong)華(hua)民族(zu)偉(wei)大復(fu)興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)一招。我國(guo)改(gai)革(ge)已經進入攻(gong)堅(jian)期和(he)(he)(he)深(shen)(shen)水區。沖破(po)(po)思想觀(guan)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)障(zhang)礙、突破(po)(po)利益(yi)固化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藩籬，解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思想是(shi)(shi)首要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思想是(shi)(shi)前提，是(shi)(shi)解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)發展社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力、解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)增強社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)活力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總開(kai)關(guan)；解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)發展社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力、解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)增強社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)活力，是(shi)(shi)解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然結(jie)果，也是(shi)(shi)解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要基礎。在深(shen)(shen)化(hua)(hua)改(gai)革(ge)問題上(shang)，一些思想觀(guan)念障(zhang)礙往往不是(shi)(shi)來自(zi)體制外(wai)而是(shi)(shi)來自(zi)體制內。思想不解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)，就很(hen)難(nan)(nan)看(kan)清各種利益(yi)固化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)癥結(jie)所(suo)在，很(hen)難(nan)(nan)找(zhao)準突破(po)(po)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向和(he)(he)(he)著力點，很(hen)難(nan)(nan)拿出創造(zao)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)舉(ju)措。因此(ci)，黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)八(ba)屆三中(zhong)全會(hui)指出：“實現(xian)(xian)中(zhong)華(hua)民族(zu)偉(wei)大復(fu)興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)夢(meng)，必(bi)須在新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史起(qi)點上(shang)全面深(shen)(shen)化(hua)(hua)改(gai)革(ge)”，必(bi)須“進一步解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思想、解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)發展社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力、解(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)增強社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)活力，堅(jian)決破(po)(po)除各方(fang)面體制機制弊(bi)端”。
公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)體、多(duo)種所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)共同發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)基本經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度，是中國特(te)色社(she)(she)會主(zhu)義(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)重要支柱，也是社(she)(she)會主(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)場經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)根基。改革開放以來，我國所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)結構逐步調整，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、促(cu)進就業等方面的(de)(de)比重不斷變化，增強(qiang)了經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)會發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)活(huo)力(li)(li)。黨的(de)(de)十八屆三(san)中全會在《中共中央關(guan)于全面深化改革若(ruo)干(gan)重大問題的(de)(de)決(jue)定》（以下(xia)簡稱《決(jue)定》）中強(qiang)調：“必須(xu)毫不動(dong)(dong)搖鞏固和發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，堅持公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)體地位，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮國有(you)(you)(you)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)導(dao)作(zuo)用，不斷增強(qiang)國有(you)(you)(you)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)力(li)(li)、控制(zhi)(zhi)力(li)(li)、影響力(li)(li)。必須(xu)毫不動(dong)(dong)搖鼓勵、支持、引導(dao)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，激發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)力(li)(li)和創(chuang)造(zao)力(li)(li)。”
行(xing)動(dong)最有(you)說(shuo)服力。黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)十八(ba)大(da)以(yi)來，以(yi)習近(jin)平同(tong)志(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)總(zong)書(shu)記的(de)(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)堅持和(he)(he)完善公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)體、多(duo)種所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)共同(tong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，用實實在(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)舉措很好(hao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)詮釋了(le)“兩個毫不(bu)動(dong)搖”。首先，在(zai)(zai)功能定位上(shang)明(ming)(ming)確公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)和(he)(he)非公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)都(dou)是(shi)社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成部分(fen)，都(dou)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)基礎。這(zhe)表明(ming)(ming)公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)和(he)(he)非公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)都(dou)是(shi)社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)不(bu)可(ke)或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)平等競爭(zheng)主(zhu)體，統(tong)一(yi)(yi)于(yu)社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)初級階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度中(zhong)(zhong)，也標志(zhi)(zhi)著我(wo)(wo)們黨(dang)(dang)對基本經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、對中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特色社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)律認(ren)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深化。其次，在(zai)(zai)產權(quan)(quan)(quan)保護上(shang)明(ming)(ming)確提(ti)出公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)財(cai)產權(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)可(ke)侵(qin)犯，非公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)財(cai)產權(quan)(quan)(quan)同(tong)樣不(bu)可(ke)侵(qin)犯。這(zhe)大(da)大(da)深化了(le)基本經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵(han)，消除了(le)在(zai)(zai)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)、資(zi)(zi)本、技術、信息(xi)、知識(shi)(shi)等生(sheng)產要(yao)素配置(zhi)因(yin)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差別而(er)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)偏見，進而(er)激(ji)發(fa)(fa)民(min)(min)間(jian)投資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)大(da)潛力。再(zai)次，在(zai)(zai)政策待遇上(shang)強調堅持權(quan)(quan)(quan)利平等、機會(hui)平等、規(gui)則平等，實行(xing)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)準入制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，并(bing)(bing)鼓(gu)(gu)勵非公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)參與國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)，鼓(gu)(gu)勵發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)非公(gong)(gong)有(you)資(zi)(zi)本控(kong)股的(de)(de)(de)(de)混合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)，鼓(gu)(gu)勵有(you)條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)企(qi)業(ye)建立現(xian)代企(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度。最后，在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度上(shang)引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)序流轉，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)適度規(gui)模(mo)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)。2013年12月23日，習近(jin)平在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)工作會(hui)議上(shang)指出，改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)前，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)體土地(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)所有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)合(he)一(yi)(yi)，土地(di)(di)(di)(di)集(ji)(ji)體所有(you)、集(ji)(ji)體統(tong)一(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)。搞家(jia)庭聯產承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，把土地(di)(di)(di)(di)所有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)開(kai)，所有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)歸集(ji)(ji)體，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)歸農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶，這(zhe)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)創新。“現(xian)在(zai)(zai)，順應農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)保留土地(di)(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、流轉土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意愿，把農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)為(wei)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，實現(xian)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)置(zhi)并(bing)(bing)行(xing)，這(zhe)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)(yi)次重大(da)創新。”2014年11月，中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)頒(ban)布了(le)《關于(yu)引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)序流轉發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)適度規(gui)模(mo)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意見》，這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個時期內指導我(wo)(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)文件(jian)，進一(yi)(yi)步激(ji)發(fa)(fa)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)力，為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)增效、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)增收、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)繁榮注(zhu)入強勁(jing)動(dong)力。
公有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟和(he)非(fei)公有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟共(gong)同發展(zhan)，為我國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟社會發展(zhan)奠(dian)定(ding)了(le)堅(jian)實的(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)基礎，使我國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟走上了(le)一條快速發展(zhan)的(de)(de)軌(gui)道。到2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)市場主體穩步(bu)發展(zhan)，實有(you)(you)(you)戶(hu)(hu)數突破7000萬(wan)。2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)至(zhi)2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)新(xin)登(deng)記注冊市場主體1262.29萬(wan)戶(hu)(hu)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)16.60%，注冊資(zi)本（金(jin)）20.74萬(wan)億(yi)元(yuan)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)86.53%；平均每天新(xin)登(deng)記注冊企(qi)業(ye)(ye)1.06萬(wan)戶(hu)(hu)。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)不(bu)斷增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加，控(kong)制(zhi)力進一步(bu)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)強，一大批極富(fu)活(huo)力的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)和(he)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)控(kong)股企(qi)業(ye)(ye)脫穎而(er)出(chu)。根(gen)據財政部的(de)(de)數據，2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)1-12月(yue)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)及國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)控(kong)股企(qi)業(ye)(ye)累計實現(xian)(xian)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)總(zong)(zong)收入480636.4 億(yi)元(yuan)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)4%。利潤總(zong)(zong)額24765.4 億(yi)元(yuan)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)3.4%。截至(zhi)2014 年(nian)(nian)(nian)12 月(yue)末，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)總(zong)(zong)額1021187.8 億(yi)元(yuan)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)12.1%。非(fei)公有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟幾(ji)乎(hu)從零(ling)起步(bu)，經(jing)過蓬勃(bo)發展(zhan)，其產(chan)(chan)值(zhi)比(bi)重、勞動力比(bi)重已占半壁江山(shan)，一批現(xian)(xian)代化的(de)(de)私(si)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)競(jing)相涌(yong)現(xian)(xian)，成(cheng)為我國(guo)(guo)重要的(de)(de)經(jing)濟增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)點(dian)。2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)新(xin)登(deng)記注冊內(nei)資(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)34.45萬(wan)戶(hu)(hu)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)38.17%，其中，私(si)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)32.94萬(wan)戶(hu)(hu)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)39.55%，外(wai)商(shang)投資(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)0.37萬(wan)戶(hu)(hu)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)6.77%。
全面深化改革必須“膽子要大、步子要穩”
我(wo)們的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有方向(xiang)、有立場(chang)、有原則的(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)特(te)色社(she)會主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)道(dao)路上不(bu)(bu)斷前(qian)(qian)進的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)，而(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)社(she)會主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)制度改(gai)弦易(yi)張。在(zai)(zai)這個(ge)(ge)問(wen)(wen)題上頭(tou)腦必須(xu)十(shi)分(fen)清醒。當前(qian)(qian)，社(she)會上關于改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)議(yi)論很多，“藥方”也很多。很多意見和建(jian)議(yi)值得深入(ru)思考，但(dan)也有些(xie)意見和建(jian)議(yi)偏(pian)于極(ji)端(duan)，一(yi)些(xie)敵對(dui)(dui)勢力和別有用(yong)心(xin)的(de)(de)人也在(zai)(zai)那里搖旗吶喊、制造(zao)輿論、混(hun)淆視(shi)(shi)聽(ting)。對(dui)(dui)此，習近平強調，“問(wen)(wen)題的(de)(de)實質是(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)什(shen)么、不(bu)(bu)改(gai)什(shen)么，有些(xie)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)改(gai)的(de)(de)，再過多長時(shi)間也是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)改(gai)”。我(wo)們要(yao)(yao)增強政治定(ding)力，堅守政治原則和底線，決不(bu)(bu)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)根(gen)本性問(wen)(wen)題上出現顛(dian)覆性錯誤。2014年(nian)2月7日，習近平在(zai)(zai)接(jie)受俄(e)羅斯電視(shi)(shi)臺專(zhuan)訪時(shi)指出：“在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)這樣一(yi)個(ge)(ge)擁有13億多人口(kou)的(de)(de)國(guo)家深化改(gai)革(ge)，絕(jue)非易(yi)事。”“我(wo)們膽子要(yao)(yao)大、步子要(yao)(yao)穩(wen)。膽子要(yao)(yao)大，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)革(ge)再難(nan)也要(yao)(yao)向(xiang)前(qian)(qian)推進，敢(gan)(gan)于擔當，敢(gan)(gan)于啃硬骨頭(tou)，敢(gan)(gan)于涉險(xian)灘(tan)。步子要(yao)(yao)穩(wen)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)方向(xiang)一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)準(zhun)，行駛一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)穩(wen)，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)犯(fan)顛(dian)覆性錯誤。”
公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟是(shi)(shi)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義經(jing)濟制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，是(shi)(shi)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義區別于資本主(zhu)(zhu)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本質特征。保持(chi)全(quan)面深(shen)化改革(ge)沿著正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向前(qian)進，必(bi)須要(yao)堅持(chi)公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)(di)位。早(zao)在(zai)2004年(nian)5月，習(xi)近平在(zai)浙江工(gong)作(zuo)期間就(jiu)指出：“市場競爭是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個動態過(guo)程，如(ru)(ru)(ru)果稍有(you)懈怠，原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先發(fa)優勢就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)削(xue)弱(ruo)，已有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較優勢也會(hui)(hui)(hui)失(shi)去(qu)。”公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟在(zai)市場競爭中(zhong)如(ru)(ru)(ru)何(he)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)發(fa)揮(hui)(hui)優勢，保持(chi)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)(di)位，是(shi)(shi)當前(qian)黨和(he)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)各界關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)問(wen)題。習(xi)近平在(zai)“關于《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央關于全(quan)面深(shen)化改革(ge)若(ruo)干重(zhong)大問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決定》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)明”中(zhong)指出：“如(ru)(ru)(ru)何(he)更好(hao)體(ti)現和(he)堅持(chi)公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)(di)位，進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)探索基本經(jing)濟制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度有(you)效實現形式，是(shi)(shi)擺(bai)在(zai)我們面前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)要(yao)課題。”他還指出：“全(quan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)強調(diao)必(bi)須毫(hao)不動搖(yao)鞏固和(he)發(fa)展公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟，堅持(chi)公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)(di)位，發(fa)揮(hui)(hui)國有(you)經(jing)濟主(zhu)(zhu)導作(zuo)用，不斷增(zeng)強國有(you)經(jing)濟活(huo)力、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力、影響力。”
黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十八大以來，以習(xi)近平同志為總書(shu)記(ji)的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)中央不(bu)僅強(qiang)調了(le)保證全面(mian)深化(hua)改革的(de)(de)(de)正確(que)方向，堅持(chi)(chi)公有(you)制的(de)(de)(de)主體地(di)位，而且(qie)探索了(le)更好體現和(he)堅持(chi)(chi)公有(you)制經濟主體地(di)位的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效途(tu)徑。
進一(yi)步(bu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，即國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)、集體資(zi)本(ben)、非公資(zi)本(ben)通過對企(qi)業(ye)共同出(chu)資(zi)而(er)相互融(rong)合，不同所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)企(qi)業(ye)相互間交叉(cha)持股。十(shi)八屆(jie)三中(zhong)全會(hui)通過的(de)《決(jue)定》提出(chu)，“要積極(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)”，“混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)基本(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)重(zhong)要實(shi)現形式(shi)。”混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)既是(shi)多種所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)共同發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)一(yi)種實(shi)現形式(shi)，也有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)于國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)放大(da)功能(neng)(neng)、保(bao)值增(zeng)(zeng)值、提高(gao)競(jing)爭(zheng)力。習近(jin)平在(zai)(zai)“關于《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央關于全面(mian)深化改革若干重(zhong)大(da)問(wen)題的(de)決(jue)定》的(de)說明(ming)”中(zhong)明(ming)確指出(chu)，積極(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)“是(shi)新形勢下堅持公有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體地(di)位，增(zeng)(zeng)強國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)活力、控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力、影響力的(de)一(yi)個有(you)(you)(you)(you)效途(tu)徑和(he)必(bi)然選(xuan)擇。”2014年(nian)3月9日(ri)，習近(jin)平在(zai)(zai)參加十(shi)二屆(jie)全國(guo)人大(da)二次(ci)會(hui)議安徽代表團(tuan)的(de)審議時指出(chu)，發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，基本(ben)政策已(yi)明(ming)確，關鍵是(shi)細(xi)則(ze)(ze)，成(cheng)敗也在(zai)(zai)細(xi)則(ze)(ze)。發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，需要對國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產(chan)管理體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)授權經(jing)營體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進行改革，逐步(bu)將管企(qi)業(ye)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)管資(zi)本(ben)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，通過資(zi)本(ben)運作，使國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)能(neng)(neng)夠根據實(shi)現國(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)戰略(lve)目標和(he)改善全民(min)福(fu)利(li)的(de)需要，將其(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)量及時投向相關的(de)行業(ye)和(he)企(qi)業(ye)，對其(qi)(qi)存量也能(neng)(neng)夠順利(li)地(di)在(zai)(zai)相關企(qi)業(ye)間及時轉(zhuan)移和(he)重(zhong)組。
進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)深化(hua)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)，推動國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)完善(shan)現代企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)度。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)推進(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)家現代化(hua)、保障(zhang)人民共同(tong)利益的(de)重要力量。經過多年(nian)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)體上已經同(tong)市場(chang)經濟(ji)相(xiang)融合。同(tong)時(shi)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)也積累了一(yi)(yi)些問題、存在(zai)一(yi)(yi)些弊端(duan)，需要進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)推進(jin)(jin)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)。黨的(de)十八屆三中(zhong)全(quan)(quan)會(hui)在(zai)《決定(ding)》中(zhong)強(qiang)調，深化(hua)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)重點目標是(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)范經營決策(ce)、資(zi)(zi)產保值增值、公平(ping)(ping)參與(yu)競爭、提(ti)高企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)效率、增強(qiang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)活力、承擔社會(hui)責(ze)任(ren)。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)屬于全(quan)(quan)民所有(you)(you)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)必(bi)須堅持正(zheng)確方向。早在(zai)2004年(nian)6月，習(xi)(xi)近平(ping)(ping)在(zai)談(tan)到國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)時(shi)強(qiang)調“必(bi)須守住(zhu)一(yi)(yi)條‘底線’，就是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要有(you)(you)效防止(zhi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)產流失”，為(wei)此提(ti)出要抓(zhua)住(zhu)的(de)三個“關鍵(jian)環節(jie)”，即全(quan)(quan)過程規(gui)(gui)范、全(quan)(quan)方位公開(kai)、全(quan)(quan)社會(hui)監督。2014年(nian)3月9日，習(xi)(xi)近平(ping)(ping)在(zai)參加(jia)十二(er)屆全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)人大二(er)次會(hui)議(yi)安徽代表團的(de)審議(yi)時(shi)指出，要吸取(qu)過去(qu)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)經驗和教訓，不能(neng)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)片改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)聲浪中(zhong)把國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)產變成(cheng)牟取(qu)暴利的(de)機會(hui)。改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)關鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)公開(kai)透明。
進一步深化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)制度改(gai)(gai)(gai)革，把(ba)(ba)落實集(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)、穩(wen)定農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包權(quan)(quan)、放活(huo)土(tu)地(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)(ji)本遵循(xun)。土(tu)地(di)問題(ti)事關(guan)億萬農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民切身利(li)益，事關(guan)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革發展(zhan)全局。2013年(nian)12月23日，習近平在(zai)中央(yang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)工作(zuo)(zuo)會議上指出(chu)，“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)制度改(gai)(gai)(gai)革是(shi)(shi)個大事，涉及的(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、包含的(de)(de)利(li)益關(guan)系(xi)十分復(fu)雜(za)，必須審慎穩(wen)妥(tuo)推進。不(bu)(bu)管(guan)怎(zen)么(me)改(gai)(gai)(gai)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)把(ba)(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)制改(gai)(gai)(gai)垮(kua)了(le)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)把(ba)(ba)耕地(di)改(gai)(gai)(gai)少了(le)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)把(ba)(ba)糧食產量改(gai)(gai)(gai)下去了(le)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)把(ba)(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民利(li)益損害(hai)了(le)。”要(yao)不(bu)(bu)斷探索農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)制的(de)(de)有(you)效實現(xian)形式，落實集(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)、穩(wen)定農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包權(quan)(quan)、放活(huo)土(tu)地(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)，加(jia)快構建以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶家庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)(ji)礎、合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)與聯合(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)紐帶、社(she)會化(hua)服務為(wei)(wei)支撐的(de)(de)立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)式復(fu)合(he)(he)型現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)。承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)流(liu)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民家庭(ting)(ting)越(yue)來越(yue)多，土(tu)地(di)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包權(quan)(quan)同經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)發生(sheng)分離，成為(wei)(wei)我國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產關(guan)系(xi)變化(hua)的(de)(de)新趨勢。這一變化(hua)對完(wan)善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)基(ji)(ji)本經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)制度提出(chu)新的(de)(de)要(yao)求。2014年(nian)11月20日，中共(gong)(gong)中央(yang)辦公廳、國(guo)(guo)務院辦公廳印發了(le)《關(guan)于引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)有(you)序(xu)流(liu)轉(zhuan)發展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業適(shi)度規(gui)模經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)意見》，明(ming)確提出(chu)：“堅(jian)持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)，穩(wen)定農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包權(quan)(quan)，放活(huo)土(tu)地(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)，以家庭(ting)(ting)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)(ji)礎，推進家庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)、集(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)、合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)、企(qi)業經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)等(deng)多種經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)方式共(gong)(gong)同發展(zhan)。”在(zai)堅(jian)持(chi)土(tu)地(di)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)前提下，實現(xian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)、承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包權(quan)(quan)、經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)三(san)權(quan)(quan)分置，是(shi)(shi)引導土(tu)地(di)有(you)序(xu)流(liu)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)重要(yao)基(ji)(ji)礎。實踐證明(ming)，土(tu)地(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)和適(shi)度規(gui)模經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業的(de)(de)必由之路，我們應從我國(guo)(guo)人多地(di)少、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)情況千差萬別的(de)(de)實際出(chu)發，積(ji)極穩(wen)妥(tuo)地(di)推進，才能(neng)真(zhen)正(zheng)實現(xian)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)建設的(de)(de)宏偉藍圖(tu)。
（本文章摘自2015年(nian)《前線》第(di)4期(qi)，作者：中國人(ren)民大學馬克思主義學院教(jiao)授）