發(fa)布(bu)時間：2015-10-10
習(xi)近平總(zong)書記在(zai)安哥拉與中(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)企(qi)業代(dai)表座談時(shi)提出：“推動(dong)(dong)更多有實力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業‘走(zou)出去(qu)’，既是(shi)加(jia)快我國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展方(fang)(fang)式轉(zhuan)變和(he)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)結構調整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迫(po)切需要(yao)，也是(shi)堅持互(hu)利共(gong)贏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開放戰(zhan)(zhan)略、創造(zao)參與國(guo)際經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)合作和(he)競爭(zheng)新優勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然選擇。”近年來(lai)，我國(guo)政府從政治、外(wai)(wai)交(jiao)、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)層面(mian)加(jia)大了(le)對“走(zou)出去(qu)”企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持力度。李克強總(zong)理(li)(li)出訪(fang)非洲以及周邊國(guo)家時(shi)強調加(jia)強基礎設(she)施領域合作，積極推動(dong)(dong)“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)標準”“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)高鐵”走(zou)出去(qu)。為(wei)了(le)響應國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“走(zou)出去(qu)”戰(zhan)(zhan)略，越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)企(qi)業走(zou)出國(guo)門，在(zai)國(guo)際工(gong)程承(cheng)包領域扮演著越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色。為(wei)增(zeng)強企(qi)業國(guo)際化(hua)經(jing)營能(neng)力，提升項(xiang)目管(guan)理(li)(li)水平，培育企(qi)業核心(xin)競爭(zheng)力，國(guo)際工(gong)程承(cheng)包商必(bi)須實施屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)化(hua)管(guan)理(li)(li)。屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)化(hua)管(guan)理(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于企(qi)業管(guan)理(li)(li)范疇，幾乎涵蓋了(le)海外(wai)(wai)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)面(mian)，主要(yao)分為(wei)經(jing)營屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)化(hua)、管(guan)理(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)化(hua)、人員屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)化(hua)和(he)待遇屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)化(hua)四個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)。這四個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)相輔相成，密切聯系。筆(bi)者(zhe)認為(wei)，轉(zhuan)變中(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)企(qi)業“走(zou)出去(qu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式迫(po)在(zai)眉睫，利用當地(di)和(he)國(guo)際資(zi)源、與當地(di)共(gong)同發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)化(hua)經(jing)營戰(zhan)(zhan)略已經(jing)成為(wei)企(qi)業在(zai)海外(wai)(wai)謀求生存和(he)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)出路。
建立健全各項制度是屬地化管理的基本原則
企(qi)業(ye)一方(fang)面(mian)應遵守、執(zhi)行項目所在(zai)國的(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)法律和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，避(bi)免產生不(bu)必要(yao)的(de)糾(jiu)紛(fen)和(he)(he)麻煩；另(ling)一方(fang)面(mian)應建立健(jian)全企(qi)業(ye)自身(shen)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)屬(shu)地(di)(di)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，形成一個包括公開招聘(pin)、合同(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)、教育培訓、崗位責任、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)定(ding)(ding)額、薪(xin)酬待遇、工(gong)(gong)(gong)資結(jie)算(suan)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)保(bao)護、生活(huo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、文化(hua)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)、休息休假合理(li)(li)訴求、違(wei)紀處理(li)(li)、解(jie)除合同(tong)等(deng)(deng)內容的(de)規范(fan)化(hua)、標(biao)準化(hua)、系統(tong)化(hua)、信(xin)息化(hua)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)系，從而保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)屬(shu)地(di)(di)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)持(chi)續健(jian)康(kang)發展。由于社(she)會環(huan)境和(he)(he)意(yi)識形態(tai)不(bu)同(tong)，完善外(wai)(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)系要(yao)注(zhu)重結(jie)合屬(shu)地(di)(di)國家的(de)國情以及制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度要(yao)求，有針對性(xing)地(di)(di)建立和(he)(he)完善員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)切實體(ti)現“用(yong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度管(guan)(guan)(guan)人(ren)”的(de)原則，把制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度盡可能細化(hua)到每個管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)環(huan)節和(he)(he)崗位。在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度執(zhi)行過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，無論中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)還是外(wai)(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，都要(yao)一視同(tong)仁，保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)嚴肅性(xing)和(he)(he)公平性(xing)。完善考核、考察和(he)(he)獎懲機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，將外(wai)(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)表現與其薪(xin)酬、待遇、升(sheng)遷等(deng)(deng)結(jie)合起來，充分調動(dong)(dong)(dong)屬(shu)地(di)(di)化(hua)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)積極性(xing)。要(yao)為(wei)屬(shu)地(di)(di)化(hua)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建立信(xin)息檔案(an)，包括姓名(ming)、身(shen)份證(zheng)(zheng)號、住址、家庭狀況、個人(ren)特長、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)經歷、上崗時間、離(li)職(zhi)時間、所屬(shu)班組、工(gong)(gong)(gong)種、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)表現等(deng)(deng)多項內容，并進行動(dong)(dong)(dong)態(tai)更新。通(tong)過聘(pin)請律師，定(ding)(ding)期就工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)現的(de)問(wen)題(ti)進行法律咨詢，尋找處理(li)(li)依(yi)據(ju)。另(ling)外(wai)(wai)，借(jie)助屬(shu)地(di)(di)化(hua)國家勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)等(deng)(deng)機(ji)構(gou)對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資、清算(suan)等(deng)(deng)業(ye)務給予指導。
開展屬地化員工培訓是屬地化管理成敗的關鍵
企(qi)業應(ying)通過(guo)理(li)論培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)和(he)崗位練兵等形式，發揮中(zhong)方(fang)技(ji)術人員的(de)(de)(de)“導(dao)師帶徒”作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，管(guan)理(li)人員緊盯(ding)現場、言(yan)傳身教(jiao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)質量上把關、在(zai)(zai)(zai)技(ji)能上傳授、在(zai)(zai)(zai)安(an)全上嚴控，并運用(yong)裂變原(yuan)理(li)，將培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養成熟的(de)(de)(de)員工(gong)按班組分開(kai)，以培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養更多服(fu)從安(an)排(pai)、技(ji)術過(guo)關的(de)(de)(de)員工(gong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)外籍(ji)員工(gong)中(zhong)掀(xian)起“比、學、趕(gan)、超”的(de)(de)(de)濃厚(hou)氛圍，從而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)實踐中(zhong)鍛(duan)煉(lian)自己、提高(gao)自己。開(kai)展(zhan)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)重(zhong)點(dian)抓好四個方(fang)面工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)：其(qi)一(yi)，完善(shan)企(qi)業員工(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)戰(zhan)略(lve)，建立培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)反饋機(ji)(ji)制，使(shi)(shi)企(qi)業總部及(ji)(ji)時(shi)了解(jie)不同國家(jia)屬地(di)化(hua)(hua)員工(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)、雇傭過(guo)程中(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題和(he)解(jie)決辦法(fa)，然后有針(zhen)對性地(di)調整企(qi)業屬地(di)化(hua)(hua)員工(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)戰(zhan)略(lve)，形成一(yi)套成熟的(de)(de)(de)體系和(he)機(ji)(ji)制；其(qi)二，做好跨文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，包(bao)括對對方(fang)民族(zu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)及(ji)(ji)公司文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)認識和(he)理(li)解(jie)，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)敏感(gan)性、適應(ying)性的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)，語言(yan)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)，跨文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)溝通及(ji)(ji)沖(chong)突處理(li)能力的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)等；其(qi)三，建立引導(dao)和(he)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)相(xiang)結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)制，使(shi)(shi)屬地(di)化(hua)(hua)員工(gong)理(li)解(jie)或(huo)認同中(zhong)國國際工(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)方(fang)式，使(shi)(shi)其(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)態(tai)度、工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)式以及(ji)(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)目標(biao)逐步與項(xiang)(xiang)目要求達到(dao)一(yi)致(zhi)；其(qi)四，搭(da)配多樣(yang)性的(de)(de)(de)激勵措施(shi)，將屬地(di)化(hua)(hua)員工(gong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)收獲轉化(hua)(hua)為項(xiang)(xiang)目績效。
管理人員屬地化是屬地化管理發展的基本方向
國際化(hua)(hua)公司的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)目(mu)標是實(shi)現企業的(de)本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)“屬(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)(di)”意(yi)(yi)識，必須堅(jian)持本(ben)土化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，用本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)好(hao)本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)，構建(jian)“以屬(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)(di)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)(di)勞務(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)”的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)，探索一(yi)條極具特(te)色的(de)海(hai)外(wai)項目(mu)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)。有些(xie)企業，由于擔心外(wai)籍(ji)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作能力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平，不(bu)(bu)愿聘用外(wai)籍(ji)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)從事管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，從國內引進大量管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)技術(shu)人(ren)員，由于語言不(bu)(bu)通和(he)(he)文化(hua)(hua)差異(yi)，造成管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)難度加大，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成本(ben)也(ye)相(xiang)應增高。所以，企業應強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)“屬(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)(di)”意(yi)(yi)識，積(ji)極研究探索本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)的(de)有效方式(shi)，在外(wai)籍(ji)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中積(ji)極選拔和(he)(he)培養一(yi)批忠實(shi)于企業、責任心強(qiang)、有管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)能力(li)(li)(li)的(de)人(ren)員，通過(guo)他們傳遞信息(xi)和(he)(he)思想，提高溝通能力(li)(li)(li)。在用人(ren)過(guo)程中，要加強(qiang)監督和(he)(he)考察，建(jian)立激勵措施，激發(fa)外(wai)籍(ji)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作活力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)創造性，實(shi)現企業健(jian)康(kang)、持續、穩定(ding)的(de)發(fa)展。企業還應建(jian)設國際化(hua)(hua)人(ren)才庫，將技能較高的(de)當地(di)(di)(di)勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)列入(ru)公司人(ren)才庫管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。
用工管理方式多樣化是屬地化管理的基本保障
我們應從國際視野選聘(pin)(pin)雇(gu)員(yuan)(yuan)，實現中(zhong)外(wai)雇(gu)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)有機結(jie)合(he)。普通管理(li)、技術和勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)當地(di)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，分包施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍(wu)以(yi)當地(di)或鄰國的(de)跨國公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍(wu)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，以(yi)降(jiang)低人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本(ben)、減少施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設備投入。其(qi)(qi)一，自主(zhu)(zhu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。通過勞(lao)(lao)動力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)調查(cha)后確(que)定(ding)勞(lao)(lao)動力(li)(li)(li)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)價格，允許項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)就近聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，以(yi)現金形式(shi)(shi)(shi)支付(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)；其(qi)(qi)二，專業化自主(zhu)(zhu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管理(li)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。與勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)簽訂正規合(he)同(tong)，項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)在銀行備案，每(mei)月通過銀行提現后支付(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)；其(qi)(qi)三(san)，專業勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)管理(li)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。 由項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)確(que)定(ding)一家或幾家正規的(de)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)，項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)與勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)簽訂勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)，勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)設專人(ren)(ren)負(fu)責勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)管理(li)，項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)通過轉賬(zhang)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)向勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)支付(fu)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)；其(qi)(qi)四，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)第(di)三(san)國勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)。如從孟(meng)加拉引進勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)到中(zhong)東地(di)區、印度洋(yang)島國等，相(xiang)(xiang)對低廉(lian)的(de)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)價格、相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)中(zhong)國工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)較好的(de)英語(yu)基礎，使中(zhong)國承(cheng)包商的(de)人(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)優勢得以(yi)保(bao)留并可(ke)持續保(bao)持；其(qi)(qi)五，聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)專業人(ren)(ren)士。在許多(duo)國家特(te)別(bie)是英聯邦國家，很(hen)多(duo)職(zhi)業需要經過論證并取得資(zi)格的(de)專業人(ren)(ren)士才能承(cheng)擔，所以(yi)在當地(di)聘(pin)(pin)請相(xiang)(xiang)關專業人(ren)(ren)士成為(wei)國際工(gong)(gong)(gong)程公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)的(de)必要手段，可(ke)采取兼職(zhi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，從價格較低的(de)第(di)三(san)國聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，或聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)曾在歐美留學并取得相(xiang)(xiang)關證書的(de)中(zhong)國留學生等。
（本(ben)文(wen)章摘自10月9日《光明(ming)日報》）