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近日，國(guo)務院印(yin)發(fa)《關于改革(ge)國(guo)有(you)企業工資決(jue)定機制的意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》（以下簡(jian)稱《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》），對(dui)國(guo)有(you)企業工資分配管理辦法進行重(zhong)大(da)改革(ge)。政(zheng)策出臺背景是什(shen)么？相較以往(wang)，本次改革(ge)有(you)哪些突(tu)出特(te)點？對(dui)國(guo)企員工有(you)何影響？針對(dui)相關熱點問(wen)題(ti)，記者(zhe)采訪了人力(li)資源(yuan)和社(she)會(hui)保障部(bu)副部(bu)長邱小(xiao)平。

標志著國有企業工資分配制度體系基本形成

1985年(nian)以(yi)來(lai)，國家對國有(you)(you)大中型企業(ye)實行工(gong)資總(zong)額同經濟(ji)(ji)效(xiao)益掛鉤(gou)辦法，職工(gong)工(gong)資總(zong)額增長按(an)經濟(ji)(ji)效(xiao)益增長的(de)(de)一定比例浮動，對促進國有(you)(you)企業(ye)提高(gao)經濟(ji)(ji)效(xiao)益和調動國有(you)(you)企業(ye)職工(gong)積(ji)極性發揮了(le)重要(yao)(yao)作用。但隨著(zhu)社會主(zhu)義市(shi)場經濟(ji)(ji)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逐(zhu)步健全和國有(you)(you)企業(ye)改(gai)(gai)革不(bu)斷深化(hua)，現(xian)行國有(you)(you)企業(ye)工(gong)資決(jue)定機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)還存在市(shi)場化(hua)分配程度不(bu)高(gao)、分配秩序不(bu)夠(gou)規范、監管體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尚不(bu)健全等問題，難以(yi)適應(ying)改(gai)(gai)革發展需(xu)要(yao)(yao)。這(zhe)次國有(you)(you)企業(ye)工(gong)資決(jue)定機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革舉措的(de)(de)出臺(tai)，標志(zhi)著(zhu)與中國特色現(xian)代(dai)國有(you)(you)企業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度相適應(ying)的(de)(de)國有(you)(you)企業(ye)工(gong)資分配制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度體系基本(ben)形成(cheng)。

“本次(ci)改(gai)革(ge)遵循4個(ge)主要(yao)原則(ze)：堅(jian)持(chi)建立(li)中國(guo)(guo)特(te)色(se)現(xian)代國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)制度改(gai)革(ge)方向，堅(jian)持(chi)效益導(dao)向與維(wei)護公平相(xiang)統一，堅(jian)持(chi)市(shi)場決(jue)定與政府監管(guan)(guan)相(xiang)結(jie)合，堅(jian)持(chi)分類分級管(guan)(guan)理(li)。”邱小平介紹(shao)，改(gai)革(ge)將以國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資總額(e)分配為重點，兼顧國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)內(nei)部(bu)分配，堅(jian)持(chi)問(wen)題導(dao)向和目標導(dao)向，按照工(gong)資分配市(shi)場化(hua)(hua)改(gai)革(ge)方向，改(gai)革(ge)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資總額(e)確定辦法(fa)和管(guan)(guan)理(li)方式(shi)，進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)落(luo)實(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資分配自主權(quan)。同(tong)時，改(gai)進(jin)(jin)和加強(qiang)政府對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資分配的監管(guan)(guan)，強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)事前引導(dao)和事中事后監督。通(tong)過(guo)改(gai)革(ge)，完善既(ji)有激勵(li)又(you)(you)有約(yue)束、既(ji)講效率又(you)(you)講公平、既(ji)符合企(qi)業(ye)(ye)一般規律又(you)(you)體現(xian)國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)特(te)點的分配機(ji)制。

市場決定、政府監管“兩只手”相結合

《意(yi)見》重點圍繞國有企(qi)業工資(zi)總額分配，對決定機制、管理方式和監管體制機制進行了(le)改(gai)革(ge)完善。本(ben)次改(gai)革(ge)主要特點包(bao)括(kuo)：

第一(yi)(yi)，突(tu)出國(guo)(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分配(pei)的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化方(fang)向(xiang)。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)總(zong)額(e)確定辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)上(shang)(shang)，《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》改(gai)變了(le)過去國(guo)(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)總(zong)額(e)增長同(tong)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)單一(yi)(yi)指標掛鉤(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)，要求統(tong)籌考慮一(yi)(yi)攬子因素合(he)理確定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)總(zong)額(e)，更(geng)加符合(he)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)經濟規(gui)律和(he)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展規(gui)律。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)水平決定機制(zhi)上(shang)(shang)，《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》強(qiang)調要加強(qiang)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成本投(tou)入(ru)產出率(lv)和(he)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)水平的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)對(dui)標，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)水平是否合(he)理更(geng)多由(you)(you)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)決定。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分配(pei)主(zhu)體(ti)上(shang)(shang)，《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》對(dui)政府有(you)關部門(men)每年核定國(guo)(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)上(shang)(shang)年度(du)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)掛鉤(gou)(gou)方(fang)案的(de)(de)做法(fa)進行(xing)了(le)改(gai)革，采(cai)取更(geng)加符合(he)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)規(gui)律的(de)(de)預算管(guan)理辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)總(zong)額(e)預算方(fang)案由(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)自主(zhu)編制(zhi)，并對(dui)主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)處(chu)于充分競爭行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)領域的(de)(de)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)類國(guo)(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)原則上(shang)(shang)實(shi)行(xing)備(bei)案制(zhi)，從而使國(guo)(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)地(di)位更(geng)加突(tu)出，企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分配(pei)管(guan)理權得(de)到進一(yi)(yi)步落實(shi)。

第二(er)，突出對國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工資(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)配的分(fen)(fen)類(lei)管理(li)。在(zai)工資(zi)(zi)與(yu)效益(yi)(yi)聯動上，《意見》允許符合條件的企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)特別是主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)處于(yu)充(chong)(chong)分(fen)(fen)競爭(zheng)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和領域(yu)(yu)的企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工資(zi)(zi)總額增(zeng)長(chang)與(yu)經濟(ji)效益(yi)(yi)增(zeng)長(chang)同步，對主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)處于(yu)充(chong)(chong)分(fen)(fen)競爭(zheng)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和領域(yu)(yu)的企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，則繼(ji)續(xu)實行(xing)(xing)工資(zi)(zi)總額和工資(zi)(zi)水(shui)平雙重調控，從(cong)而有利于(yu)統籌(chou)處理(li)好不(bu)同行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、不(bu)同企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之間的工資(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)配關(guan)系，解決(jue)目前國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工資(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)配中一定(ding)程度存在(zai)的職(zhi)(zhi)工工資(zi)(zi)該(gai)高(gao)不(bu)高(gao)、該(gai)低不(bu)低問(wen)題，既保證國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)職(zhi)(zhi)工更好分(fen)(fen)享企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展成果(guo)和改革紅利，又有效調節過高(gao)收入，規范工資(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)配秩序。

第三，突出增強活(huo)力與加強監(jian)管(guan)相統(tong)一。《意見》強化(hua)了(le)(le)政府(fu)職(zhi)能部(bu)門對(dui)(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)分配(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)宏觀(guan)指導調控職(zhi)責(ze)(ze)，要(yao)求人力資(zi)(zi)(zi)源和(he)社會保障部(bu)門會同(tong)(tong)有(you)(you)關部(bu)門，定(ding)(ding)期發(fa)布勞動力市場工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)價位、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成本信息、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)指導線和(he)非競爭類國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)增長調控目標，更(geng)好引導國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)搞好工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)分配(pei)(pei)。強化(hua)了(le)(le)履行(xing)(xing)出資(zi)(zi)(zi)人職(zhi)責(ze)(ze)機構的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)分配(pei)(pei)監(jian)管(guan)職(zhi)責(ze)(ze)，對(dui)(dui)做好所(suo)監(jian)管(guan)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)總額預算(suan)方案備案或核準工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作、加強預算(suan)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)情況(kuang)監(jian)控和(he)清(qing)算(suan)等提出明(ming)確(que)要(yao)求。強化(hua)了(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)收(shou)入分配(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)監(jian)督(du)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)，明(ming)確(que)要(yao)健全國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)內外收(shou)入監(jian)督(du)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)制度(du)，定(ding)(ding)期開(kai)展監(jian)督(du)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)引入社會監(jian)督(du)機制。強化(hua)了(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)收(shou)入分配(pei)(pei)違(wei)規(gui)問(wen)題的(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)追究，要(yao)求及時(shi)查(cha)(cha)(cha)處違(wei)規(gui)發(fa)放工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、濫(lan)發(fa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)外收(shou)入等行(xing)(xing)為，并明(ming)確(que)了(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)違(wei)規(gui)行(xing)(xing)為的(de)(de)處理措施。

工資指導線制度等配套政策將陸續出臺

《意見》已(yi)經正式(shi)出臺，下(xia)一(yi)步關(guan)鍵是要(yao)抓好落實。這項改革(ge)涉及(ji)面廣、政(zheng)策(ce)性強，直接關(guan)系到廣大國有企業(ye)持續(xu)健康發展(zhan)和職工切身利益，需(xu)要(yao)各地區(qu)、各有關(guan)部門進一(yi)步統一(yi)思想(xiang)認識，切實加強組織領導，共同抓好貫徹落實，形成推進改革(ge)的(de)合力。

人(ren)力資(zi)源和(he)社會(hui)保(bao)障(zhang)部(bu)作為指(zhi)導(dao)和(he)監督(du)國有(you)企業工(gong)(gong)資(zi)分配的職能部(bu)門(men)，將會(hui)同有(you)關部(bu)門(men)認(ren)真(zhen)抓(zhua)(zhua)好改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)實施工(gong)(gong)作，推動(dong)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)順利進(jin)行。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)加(jia)強政策(ce)宣(xuan)傳解(jie)讀和(he)培訓工(gong)(gong)作，引導(dao)全社會(hui)正確(que)理解(jie)和(he)支(zhi)持這(zhe)項改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，為改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)營造良好社會(hui)環境(jing)。二是(shi)(shi)抓(zhua)(zhua)緊研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)制定完善工(gong)(gong)資(zi)指(zhi)導(dao)線制度的意(yi)見(jian)、國有(you)企業工(gong)(gong)資(zi)內外收入監督(du)檢(jian)查(cha)辦法等改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)配套政策(ce)，指(zhi)導(dao)各地(di)和(he)各有(you)關部(bu)門(men)結合實際抓(zhua)(zhua)緊制定實施意(yi)見(jian)或實施辦法，認(ren)真(zhen)組織實施。三(san)是(shi)(shi)加(jia)強調查(cha)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)和(he)跟(gen)蹤督(du)導(dao)，動(dong)態掌握(wo)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)進(jin)展情(qing)況(kuang)，適時開展督(du)促檢(jian)查(cha)，及時研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)解(jie)決改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)中出現的新問題，推動(dong)各有(you)關方面抓(zhua)(zhua)好落(luo)(luo)(luo)實，確(que)保(bao)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)政策(ce)落(luo)(luo)(luo)實落(luo)(luo)(luo)地(di)、取得實效(xiao)。

（解讀人(ren)：人(ren)社部副部長 邱小平(ping)　 采訪人(ren)：本(ben)報記者(zhe) 李(li)心(xin)萍）

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