文章來源：人民日報 發布時間：2019-06-04
近日(ri)，國(guo)務院(yuan)印發《關于改(gai)(gai)革國(guo)有(you)企業工(gong)資(zi)決定機制的(de)意(yi)見》（以下簡稱《意(yi)見》），對國(guo)有(you)企業工(gong)資(zi)分(fen)配(pei)管理(li)辦法進行重大改(gai)(gai)革。政策出(chu)臺背(bei)景是什么？相(xiang)較以往，本次改(gai)(gai)革有(you)哪些(xie)突出(chu)特點？對國(guo)企員工(gong)有(you)何影響？針對相(xiang)關熱點問題，記者采訪了人(ren)力資(zi)源和社(she)會(hui)保障部副部長邱小平。
標志著國有企業工資分配制度體系基本形成
1985年以(yi)來，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家對國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大中(zhong)型企(qi)業(ye)實行工資(zi)總額同(tong)經(jing)濟(ji)效益(yi)(yi)掛鉤辦法，職(zhi)工工資(zi)總額增長按經(jing)濟(ji)效益(yi)(yi)增長的(de)一定(ding)比例(li)浮動，對促進國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)提高經(jing)濟(ji)效益(yi)(yi)和(he)調動國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)職(zhi)工積(ji)極性發(fa)揮(hui)了重要(yao)作用。但隨著社(she)會主(zhu)義市場(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)制(zhi)逐步健(jian)全和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)改(gai)革不(bu)斷深化，現(xian)行國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)工資(zi)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)機制(zhi)還存在市場(chang)(chang)化分配程度(du)(du)不(bu)高、分配秩序不(bu)夠規范、監管體(ti)制(zhi)尚不(bu)健(jian)全等(deng)問題，難以(yi)適(shi)應改(gai)革發(fa)展需要(yao)。這次(ci)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)工資(zi)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)機制(zhi)改(gai)革舉措的(de)出臺(tai)，標志著與(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特色現(xian)代國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)(du)相適(shi)應的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)工資(zi)分配制(zhi)度(du)(du)體(ti)系基本形成。
“本次改(gai)革(ge)遵循(xun)4個主要原則：堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)建立(li)中(zhong)國(guo)特色現代國(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度改(gai)革(ge)方向，堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)效益(yi)導向與維護公(gong)平(ping)相統一(yi)，堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)市(shi)場決定與政府(fu)監管相結合，堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)分(fen)類分(fen)級管理。”邱小平(ping)介紹，改(gai)革(ge)將以國(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)總額(e)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)為重點，兼顧國(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)內部(bu)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)，堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)問(wen)題導向和(he)目標導向，按照工(gong)資(zi)(zi)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)市(shi)場化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)方向，改(gai)革(ge)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)總額(e)確定辦法和(he)管理方式，進一(yi)步落(luo)實企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)自主權。同時，改(gai)進和(he)加強政府(fu)對企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)的監管，強化(hua)事前引導和(he)事中(zhong)事后監督。通過(guo)改(gai)革(ge)，完善既(ji)有(you)激勵又(you)有(you)約束(shu)、既(ji)講(jiang)效率又(you)講(jiang)公(gong)平(ping)、既(ji)符合企業(ye)(ye)一(yi)般(ban)規律又(you)體(ti)現國(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)特點的分(fen)配(pei)(pei)機制(zhi)(zhi)。
市場決定、政府監管“兩只手”相結合
《意見》重點圍繞國有(you)企業工資總(zong)額分(fen)配，對決定機制(zhi)、管理(li)方式和監管體制(zhi)機制(zhi)進(jin)行了(le)改革完善。本(ben)次改革主要(yao)特(te)點包括：
第一(yi)，突出國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分配的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場化方向。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)總(zong)額(e)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)辦法(fa)(fa)上(shang)，《意(yi)見》改變(bian)了過去國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)總(zong)額(e)增長同經濟效(xiao)益單一(yi)指標掛鉤的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa)，要(yao)求統籌考慮一(yi)攬子因素(su)合理確定(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)總(zong)額(e)，更(geng)加符(fu)合市(shi)場經濟規(gui)律和(he)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展規(gui)律。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)水平決定(ding)(ding)(ding)機制上(shang)，《意(yi)見》強(qiang)(qiang)調要(yao)加強(qiang)(qiang)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本投入產出率和(he)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場對(dui)標，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)水平是否合理更(geng)多由市(shi)場決定(ding)(ding)(ding)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分配主(zhu)體上(shang)，《意(yi)見》對(dui)政府有(you)關部門(men)每年核定(ding)(ding)(ding)國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)上(shang)年度工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)掛鉤方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)(fa)進行了改革，采(cai)取(qu)更(geng)加符(fu)合市(shi)場規(gui)律的(de)(de)(de)(de)預算(suan)管理辦法(fa)(fa)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)總(zong)額(e)預算(suan)方案由企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自主(zhu)編制，并(bing)對(dui)主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)處于充分競(jing)爭行業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)類國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)原則上(shang)實行備案制，從而(er)使國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場主(zhu)體地位更(geng)加突出，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分配管理權(quan)得到進一(yi)步落實。
第二，突出(chu)對國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)的分(fen)(fen)類管理。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)與效益聯動上，《意(yi)見》允許符合條件的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)特別(bie)是主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)處于充分(fen)(fen)競爭行業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)領域的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)總額增(zeng)長與經濟(ji)效益增(zeng)長同步，對主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)處于充分(fen)(fen)競爭行業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)領域的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，則繼續(xu)實行工(gong)(gong)資(zi)總額和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)水平雙重調(diao)(diao)控，從而有(you)利(li)于統(tong)籌(chou)處理好不(bu)同行業(ye)(ye)(ye)、不(bu)同企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之間(jian)的工(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)關系(xi)，解決目(mu)前國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)中一定程度存在(zai)的職工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)該高不(bu)高、該低(di)不(bu)低(di)問題(ti)，既保(bao)證國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)職工(gong)(gong)更好分(fen)(fen)享(xiang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展成果和(he)(he)改革紅利(li)，又有(you)效調(diao)(diao)節過高收入，規范(fan)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)秩(zhi)序(xu)。
第(di)三，突出(chu)增強(qiang)活力(li)與加(jia)強(qiang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)相統一。《意見》強(qiang)化了(le)政府職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能部(bu)門(men)(men)對(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)宏觀指導調控(kong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)，要求(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)源和(he)社(she)(she)會保(bao)障部(bu)門(men)(men)會同有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)，定(ding)期(qi)(qi)發布勞動力(li)市(shi)場工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)價(jia)位、行(xing)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本信(xin)息(xi)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)指導線(xian)和(he)非競(jing)爭(zheng)類國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)增長調控(kong)目標，更好(hao)引導國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)搞好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)。強(qiang)化了(le)履行(xing)出(chu)資(zi)(zi)人(ren)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)機(ji)構的(de)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)，對(dui)做好(hao)所(suo)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)總(zong)額預算(suan)方案備案或核(he)準工(gong)(gong)(gong)作、加(jia)強(qiang)預算(suan)執行(xing)情況(kuang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)和(he)清(qing)算(suan)等(deng)提出(chu)明確要求(qiu)(qiu)。強(qiang)化了(le)對(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)收(shou)入(ru)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)，明確要健全國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)內外(wai)收(shou)入(ru)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)制度，定(ding)期(qi)(qi)開展監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)，同時引入(ru)社(she)(she)會監(jian)(jian)(jian)督機(ji)制。強(qiang)化了(le)對(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)收(shou)入(ru)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)違(wei)規問題的(de)責(ze)任(ren)追究，要求(qiu)(qiu)及時查(cha)(cha)處違(wei)規發放工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)、濫發工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)外(wai)收(shou)入(ru)等(deng)行(xing)為(wei)，并明確了(le)對(dui)違(wei)規行(xing)為(wei)的(de)處理措(cuo)施(shi)。
工資指導線制度等配套政策將陸續出臺
《意(yi)見》已經正式出臺，下一(yi)步關鍵是要(yao)抓好落(luo)實。這項改(gai)革涉及面廣、政策性強(qiang)，直接(jie)關系到(dao)廣大國有企業持續健康發展(zhan)和職工(gong)切(qie)身利益，需要(yao)各地區、各有關部門進一(yi)步統一(yi)思想認識，切(qie)實加強(qiang)組(zu)織領(ling)導，共同抓好貫徹落(luo)實，形成推進改(gai)革的合力。
人(ren)力資源和(he)社會(hui)(hui)保(bao)障部(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)為指(zhi)導(dao)和(he)監督(du)國有(you)企業工資分配的職能部(bu)(bu)門，將會(hui)(hui)同有(you)關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門認(ren)真抓好改(gai)革(ge)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)(zuo)，推動改(gai)革(ge)順(shun)利進行。一是(shi)加強政(zheng)策(ce)宣傳(chuan)解讀和(he)培訓工作(zuo)(zuo)，引導(dao)全社會(hui)(hui)正(zheng)確理(li)解和(he)支(zhi)持這(zhe)項改(gai)革(ge)，為改(gai)革(ge)營造良(liang)好社會(hui)(hui)環境。二是(shi)抓緊研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)制定完善工資指(zhi)導(dao)線制度的意見、國有(you)企業工資內外收入監督(du)檢查辦法等(deng)改(gai)革(ge)配套政(zheng)策(ce)，指(zhi)導(dao)各地和(he)各有(you)關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門結合實(shi)(shi)際抓緊制定實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)意見或實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)辦法，認(ren)真組織(zhi)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)。三是(shi)加強調查研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)和(he)跟蹤督(du)導(dao)，動態掌(zhang)握改(gai)革(ge)進展情況，適(shi)時開展督(du)促(cu)檢查，及時研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)解決改(gai)革(ge)中出現(xian)的新問題，推動各有(you)關(guan)方面抓好落(luo)實(shi)(shi)，確保(bao)改(gai)革(ge)政(zheng)策(ce)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)落(luo)地、取得實(shi)(shi)效。
（解(jie)讀(du)人(ren)：人(ren)社部副部長 邱小平 采訪人(ren)：本報(bao)記者 李心萍）
【責任編輯：語謙】