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三峽水電站開閘放水壯觀場景

四川錦屏一級水電站高三百零五米，創世界拱壩高度紀錄

埃塞俄比亞吉布Ⅲ水電站由中方承建，有“非洲三峽工程”美譽

三峽工程遠景

中方參與建設的馬來西亞巴貢水電站（本文圖片來自百度）

對于我(wo)們中華民(min)族而言，大自然(ran)仿佛顯得格(ge)外眷顧(gu)，靈巧(qiao)的(de)造化(hua)之手在這塊錦繡(xiu)大地(di)上“勾勒(le)”出萬千(qian)河(he)流，有黃河(he)、長江、瀾滄江，有淮(huai)河(he)、黑龍江、雅魯藏布江……數千(qian)年(nian)來，它們朝著大海，永不(bu)停息地(di)奔流，不(bu)僅為我(wo)們孕(yun)育了(le)萬里沃野，構建了(le)民(min)族特有的(de)文化(hua)心理，培養了(le)共有的(de)民(min)族情(qing)感，而且賦予(yu)了(le)我(wo)們驚人的(de)能量。

在漫長的(de)(de)古代(dai)社會(hui)，這驚(jing)人(ren)的(de)(de)能量常(chang)常(chang)幻(huan)化(hua)為雄奇(qi)絢麗的(de)(de)詩篇和畫作(zuo)等藝術形(xing)式，豐富著中國人(ren)的(de)(de)精神世(shi)界，卻極少得到(dao)現(xian)實的(de)(de)開(kai)發利用(yong)。進入近現(xian)代(dai)社會(hui)，隨著水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程技術的(de)(de)進步，特別(bie)是改革(ge)開(kai)放40年來(lai)，我們(men)在對現(xian)代(dai)水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)科(ke)技學習基礎(chu)上進行(xing)大膽創新(xin)，造就了一(yi)批舉世(shi)矚目的(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程，成為世(shi)界公認的(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)強國。不僅(jin)如此，我們(men)還把掌握(wo)的(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程技術和積(ji)累(lei)的(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程經驗(yan)與(yu)世(shi)界各國特別(bie)是廣(guang)大發展中國家分享，讓那里(li)的(de)(de)民(min)眾獲得低廉的(de)(de)電(dian)能，點亮生活和夢想。

總裝機容量全球第一  開發利用空間廣闊

據統計(ji)，到(dao)1978年(nian)底(di)(di)，中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)達到(dao)1867萬千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，年(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)496億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)。這(zhe)是(shi)改革開(kai)放啟(qi)動之(zhi)時(shi)，中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)家(jia)底(di)(di)。鑒于新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)成立初，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)的(de)薄弱基(ji)礎和十(shi)年(nian)“文革”的(de)巨大破(po)壞(huai)，攢到(dao)這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)家(jia)底(di)(di)無疑是(shi)非常難能可貴的(de)。作為中(zhong)國(guo)第一座(zuo)自(zi)(zi)行設(she)計(ji)、自(zi)(zi)制設(she)備(bei)、自(zi)(zi)己施工建造(zao)的(de)大型(xing)水(shui)(shui)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，新(xin)安(an)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)利電(dian)(dian)力(li)事業(ye)史上的(de)一座(zuo)豐碑，它始建于1957年(nian)，歷時(shi)3年(nian)即(ji)建成投產，年(nian)均發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)達19.6億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)。“黃河(he)明珠”劉家(jia)峽水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)于1975年(nian)建成，總裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)122.5萬千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，這(zhe)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)首(shou)座(zuo)百萬千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)級(ji)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。

改(gai)革開放(fang)后，中國水(shui)電(dian)(dian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)步(bu)伐明顯加快。上(shang)世紀80年(nian)(nian)代，廣蓄、巖(yan)(yan)灘、漫灣、隔河(he)巖(yan)(yan)、水(shui)口等水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站“五(wu)朵金(jin)花”相繼(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成；上(shang)世紀90年(nian)(nian)代，五(wu)強溪(xi)、李家(jia)峽(xia)、天(tian)荒(huang)坪抽水(shui)蓄能電(dian)(dian)站開工建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)；到2000年(nian)(nian)底，隨著萬(wan)家(jia)寨、二灘、小(xiao)浪底、天(tian)生橋(qiao)、大(da)朝山等一大(da)批水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站相繼(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成投產，中國水(shui)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機容量達7700萬(wan)千瓦(wa)，居世界第二。

2004年，以(yi)公伯峽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站1號(hao)機組(zu)(zu)投(tou)(tou)產為(wei)標志，中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)突破(po)1億千(qian)瓦(wa)，居世(shi)界第一(yi)(yi)。2010年，以(yi)小灣水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站4號(hao)機組(zu)(zu)為(wei)標志，中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)突破(po)2億千(qian)瓦(wa)。2012年，三峽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站最后一(yi)(yi)臺機組(zu)(zu)投(tou)(tou)產，成(cheng)為(wei)世(shi)界最大的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)站和清(qing)潔能源生產基地。此后，溪(xi)洛渡、向(xiang)家(jia)壩(ba)、錦屏等一(yi)(yi)系列巨(ju)型水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站相繼開工(gong)建(jian)設，中(zhong)國(guo)在世(shi)界水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)領(ling)(ling)域保持(chi)領(ling)(ling)先的地位。2017年，中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機為(wei)3.41億千(qian)瓦(wa)，發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)1.1945萬億千(qian)瓦(wa)時，分(fen)別占(zhan)到全球水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)總裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)、發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的26.9%和28.5%。

根據(ju)(ju)最新統計，中國水(shui)(shui)能資源可開發裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)約6.6億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)約3萬(wan)(wan)億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，按(an)利(li)用100年(nian)(nian)計算，相當于(yu)1000億(yi)噸標煤。中國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發程度(du)為37% （按(an)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)計算），與發達(da)(da)國家水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發程度(du)動輒達(da)(da)到70%、80%甚至超過90%相比，仍有(you)較(jiao)大差距，還有(you)較(jiao)廣闊的發展前景(jing)。根據(ju)(ju)《水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)發展“十(shi)三五”規劃》（2016-2020年(nian)(nian)），2020年(nian)(nian)，中國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)總裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到3.8億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)1.25萬(wan)(wan)億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)。預計2025年(nian)(nian)，中國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到4.7億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)1.4萬(wan)(wan)億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)。

造就海外“三峽工程”  助力當地夢想成真

中(zhong)(zhong)國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點和難點決定了水(shui)(shui)電(dian)開發面(mian)(mian)臨問題的(de)(de)(de)獨特(te)性和挑戰性，也造就(jiu)了中(zhong)(zhong)國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)科技(ji)的(de)(de)(de)雄厚實力，創造了一(yi)系(xi)列引以(yi)為傲的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)工程建設的(de)(de)(de)世界(jie)紀錄：2008年(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)投(tou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)布埡水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，其(qi)擁有(you)(you)世界(jie)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)混凝土(tu)面(mian)(mian)板堆(dui)(dui)石壩(ba)；2009年(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)投(tou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)灘水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，其(qi)擁有(you)(you)世界(jie)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)碾壓混凝土(tu)壩(ba)；2010年(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)投(tou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)小灣(wan)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，其(qi)擁有(you)(you)當時世界(jie)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)混凝土(tu)拱壩(ba)；2014年(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)投(tou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)糯扎(zha)渡水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，其(qi)是目前亞洲第一(yi)、世界(jie)第三(san)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)黏土(tu)心(xin)墻堆(dui)(dui)石壩(ba)。它們是中(zhong)(zhong)國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)走(zou)向(xiang)世界(jie)，贏得國際尊重和信(xin)賴(lai)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)扎(zha)實的(de)(de)(de)品牌工程。全(quan)(quan)(quan)世界(jie)80多個國家紛紛引進中(zhong)(zhong)國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)技(ji)術和建設能力，與中(zhong)(zhong)方建立了水(shui)(shui)電(dian)規劃、建設和投(tou)資的(de)(de)(de)長期合(he)作關(guan)系(xi)。

2018年1月(yue)(yue)是老撾(zhua)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發展(zhan)(zhan)史上(shang)值得銘記的(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)份。就在(zai)1月(yue)(yue)22日中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)建(jian)(jian)承建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)老撾(zhua)南(nan)湃(pai)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)竣工(gong)投產僅(jin)3天后(hou)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)重型機(ji)械有(you)限(xian)公(gong)(gong)司承建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)川(chuan)壙省南(nan)俄4水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)順利開工(gong)，這(zhe)不僅(jin)給老撾(zhua)能(neng)源結(jie)構帶來(lai)深刻(ke)變(bian)革，而且將大(da)(da)大(da)(da)推動其實現打造“東南(nan)亞蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池”，成(cheng)為區(qu)域能(neng)源中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)(de)國(guo)家發展(zhan)(zhan)目(mu)(mu)標。約半個月(yue)(yue)之后(hou)，遠在(zai)非洲(zhou)喀麥隆，由(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)企承建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)曼維萊水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)主體部分(fen)通過驗收(shou)。3月(yue)(yue)10日，由(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力建(jian)(jian)設集(ji)團有(you)限(xian)公(gong)(gong)司參建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)巴(ba)基斯坦德爾(er)貝拉水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)項目(mu)(mu)四期(qi)舉行(xing)首臺機(ji)組投產發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)儀式(shi)，標志(zhi)著(zhu)該國(guo)總(zong)裝機(ji)容量和發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)(mu)進(jin)一步(bu)“擴容”。兩個月(yue)(yue)后(hou)，在(zai)南(nan)美巴(ba)西(xi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力投資集(ji)團有(you)限(xian)公(gong)(gong)司正式(shi)接管了該國(guo)第九大(da)(da)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)圣西(xi)芒水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，開始為其提供為期(qi)30年的(de)(de)運行(xing)維護服務。這(zhe)就是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)“走出去”的(de)(de)節(jie)奏：時間上(shang)以天計算、空間上(shang)縱(zong)橫幾大(da)(da)洲(zhou)。

在中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)“走(zou)出(chu)去”的(de)故(gu)事(shi)中(zhong)，助力(li)埃塞俄(e)比亞從“非洲(zhou)水(shui)塔(ta)”華(hua)麗轉(zhuan)身“非洲(zhou)電(dian)(dian)塔(ta)”無疑是(shi)其中(zhong)最動(dong)人的(de)章(zhang)節之一。2011年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)短缺的(de)埃塞啟動(dong)了吉布Ⅲ水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)建設(she)，這(zhe)是(shi)非洲(zhou)最大的(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)項目，有“非洲(zhou)的(de)三(san)峽工程”之稱。其總裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量達187萬千(qian)瓦，幾乎(hu)與(yu)此前該(gai)國(guo)全國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)總裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量持平。作為該(gai)工程的(de)承建方(fang)，中(zhong)國(guo)公司歷時5年(nian)奮戰，不僅實(shi)現(xian)了項目完工，而且全部機組投入運營。再加上早在2009年(nian)由中(zhong)方(fang)承建的(de)泰克澤水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量，埃塞不僅達到了電(dian)(dian)力(li)自給，而且還實(shi)現(xian)了電(dian)(dian)力(li)出(chu)口。

在馬(ma)(ma)來西(xi)亞也有(you)一座(zuo)“三峽工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)”，它就是巴(ba)貢(gong)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。這座(zuo)位于沙撈(lao)越州(zhou)的(de)(de)巴(ba)雷(lei)河上的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)總裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量240萬千瓦，其壩(ba)高(gao)達205米(mi)，水(shui)(shui)庫庫容(rong)超(chao)過長江三峽工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，達438億立方米(mi)。2002年，中(zhong)國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與當地公司組成的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯營體中(zhong)標該(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，并于次(ci)年開工(gong)(gong)(gong)建設。2010年底(di)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建成移(yi)交(jiao)。2013年，該(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)榮獲第三屆堆石壩(ba)國際里(li)程(cheng)(cheng)碑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)獎(jiang)，成為(wei)世界大型(xing)水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)典(dian)范之作。

壩工技術挺進世界一流  施工創新成就奇跡

經過(guo)實踐淬(cui)煉的(de)(de)中國(guo)(guo)水(shui)電(dian)工程(cheng)技術挺進到世界一流，特別是在(zai)核心的(de)(de)壩(ba)(ba)工技術和(he)水(shui)電(dian)設(she)備研制領域(yu)，形成(cheng)了規劃(hua)、設(she)計、施(shi)工、裝備制造、運行維(wei)護等全(quan)產業鏈高水(shui)平整(zheng)合(he)能力。據中國(guo)(guo)工程(cheng)院(yuan)院(yuan)士、水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)施(shi)工專家馬洪琪介紹，伴(ban)隨著水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，中國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)壩(ba)(ba)工技術也得(de)到了飛速發展(zhan)，取得(de)了一批具有世界級水(shui)平的(de)(de)技術創新(xin)成(cheng)果(guo)。比如，舉(ju)世聞名的(de)(de)三峽大壩(ba)(ba)。長江三峽工程(cheng)大壩(ba)(ba)全(quan)長 2309.5米，最(zui)大壩(ba)(ba)高 181米，裝機容量2240萬千瓦，是目前世界上最(zui)大的(de)(de)水(shui)利(li)樞紐工程(cheng)，其建(jian)設(she)是中國(guo)(guo)壩(ba)(ba)工技術達到世界領先水(shui)平的(de)(de)一個標(biao)志(zhi)。

馬洪琪介紹說，三(san)峽工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)積(ji)高達1600萬立方(fang)米，如何實現(xian)大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)又(you)好又(you)快澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)，是(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)重點(dian)和難點(dian)。當時，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)團隊在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方(fang)面進(jin)行了(le)(le)4項(xiang)(xiang)創新：一是(shi)以塔帶機(ji)(ji)(ji)連續澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主的(de)(de)綜合施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。從(cong)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)吊罐澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)改變(bian)為(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)一條龍連續生(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝。該澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)系統(tong)由(you)各混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)拌和樓通過皮帶機(ji)(ji)(ji)將混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送到塔帶機(ji)(ji)(ji)直接入(ru)倉澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)，集水平和垂直運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)于一體(ti)。二是(shi)計算機(ji)(ji)(ji)監控(kong)系統(tong)。突破傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)經驗判斷模(mo)式，研發了(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)產運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)計算機(ji)(ji)(ji)綜合監控(kong)系統(tong)，實現(xian)了(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)全過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)實時監控(kong)、動(dong)態調整和優化(hua)調度。三(san)峽大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)1999 年(nian)(nian)至2001年(nian)(nian)連續3年(nian)(nian)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)量在400 萬立方(fang)米以上，創造了(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)年(nian)(nian)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)強度世(shi)界最高紀錄。三(san)是(shi)二次(ci)風冷骨(gu)料技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。三(san)峽工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)低溫(wen)(wen)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)產系統(tong)是(shi)世(shi)界上規模(mo)最大、溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)要求最嚴的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)產系統(tong)。要求夏季生(sheng)(sheng)產出機(ji)(ji)(ji)口(kou)溫(wen)(wen)度為(wei)7℃的(de)(de)低溫(wen)(wen)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，為(wei)此，首(shou)次(ci)采用了(le)(le)二次(ci)風冷骨(gu)料技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。四是(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)綜合溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)防(fang)裂(lie)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。采用了(le)(le)從(cong)選擇(ze)優質原材料、優化(hua)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)配合比、控(kong)制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)口(kou)和澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)溫(wen)(wen)度、通水冷卻(que)、表面保溫(wen)(wen)和流水養護等(deng)(deng)一整套溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。針對(dui)已(yi)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)段監測的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度情況，實行個性化(hua)通水冷卻(que)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。正是(shi)這些技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創新，使三(san)峽工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)獲得(de)國際咨詢工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)聯合會(hui)百(bai)年(nian)(nian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目獎等(deng)(deng)榮(rong)譽。2017年(nian)(nian)7月，中國工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)院院士、三(san)峽工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設計總負(fu)責人(ren)鄭(zheng)守(shou)仁(ren)榮(rong)獲國際大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)委(wei)員會(hui)終(zhong)身成(cheng)就獎。

2016年9月26日，金沙江上的(de)溪洛渡水電(dian)站摘得“菲迪克2016年工(gong)程項(xiang)目杰出獎”，該(gai)獎有國際工(gong)程咨詢領域“諾貝爾獎”之稱。在馬(ma)洪(hong)琪看來(lai)，溪洛渡水電(dian)站獲獎在很大(da)程度上在于(yu)其在建造過程中研發(fa)應用的(de)數字大(da)壩技術和智能溫控技術。

溪(xi)洛渡“數(shu)字大(da)(da)壩”系統(tong)集信(xin)息、網絡、可視化(hua)(hua)技術(shu)于(yu)一(yi)體(ti)，首次(ci)在壩工(gong)(gong)界實(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)壩工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)數(shu)字化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)信(xin)息化(hua)(hua)管理(li)。“數(shu)字大(da)(da)壩”重在預(yu)(yu)測(ce)、預(yu)(yu)警，分為施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)監測(ce)系統(tong)和(he)(he)仿真分析系統(tong)兩(liang)大(da)(da)部分。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)監測(ce)系統(tong)重點(dian)是(shi)對(dui)設計(ji)、進度(du)、質(zhi)量、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)監測(ce)等(deng)信(xin)息進行收集和(he)(he)展示，對(dui)混凝(ning)土澆(jiao)(jiao)筑計(ji)劃、原材料(liao)檢測(ce)、混凝(ning)土生產、運輸(shu)、澆(jiao)(jiao)筑和(he)(he)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)控(kong)制等(deng)數(shu)據(ju)進行全(quan)面收集，覆(fu)蓋大(da)(da)壩施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)。仿真分析系統(tong)主要是(shi)結(jie)合監測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)，對(dui)大(da)(da)壩溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)、應力、開裂風險、安全(quan)、澆(jiao)(jiao)筑進度(du)等(deng)進行分析，提出預(yu)(yu)警和(he)(he)預(yu)(yu)控(kong)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)。溪(xi)洛渡“數(shu)字大(da)(da)壩”系統(tong)采用信(xin)息化(hua)(hua)技術(shu)，讓施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)各個環節的(de)(de)管理(li)真正(zheng)做(zuo)到了(le)(le)精細化(hua)(hua)、個性(xing)化(hua)(hua)，管理(li)水平上升了(le)(le)一(yi)個臺階，使(shi)得大(da)(da)壩施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量實(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)實(shi)時(shi)、在線(xian)、全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)管理(li)和(he)(he)控(kong)制。

基于“數字(zi)大(da)(da)壩(ba)”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)溫控(kong)(kong)實(shi)踐，溪洛渡(du)拱壩(ba)研發(fa)了(le)基于“數字(zi)大(da)(da)壩(ba)”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)溫控(kong)(kong)技術。為控(kong)(kong)制最高溫度(du)(du)、降(jiang)溫速率和(he)溫度(du)(du)變幅(fu)，在混凝(ning)土內埋(mai)設數字(zi)溫度(du)(du)計，全面及(ji)時(shi)地監測混凝(ning)土內部溫度(du)(du)；建立(li)和(he)實(shi)施了(le)大(da)(da)壩(ba)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)通水(shui)(shui)(shui)冷卻溫控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，可穩定跟(gen)蹤、無線采集混凝(ning)土溫控(kong)(kong)數據和(he)冷卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)管通水(shui)(shui)(shui)情況；取(qu)得實(shi)際澆筑條(tiao)件(jian)下的混凝(ning)土理論溫升(sheng)曲線，導入“數字(zi)大(da)(da)壩(ba)”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)后與實(shi)測溫升(sheng)曲線對比，為控(kong)(kong)制溫升(sheng)過程(cheng)和(he)最高溫度(du)(du)創造條(tiao)件(jian)。對溫度(du)(du)異常(chang)情況進行預警，通過軟(ruan)件(jian)和(he)電(dian)磁(ci)閥(fa)自(zi)動控(kong)(kong)制通水(shui)(shui)(shui)流量和(he)通水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫度(du)(du)，從而達到最高溫度(du)(du)、降(jiang)溫速率、溫度(du)(du)變幅(fu)不(bu)超標的溫控(kong)(kong)要(yao)求。（記者 張保(bao)淑）

【責任編輯：語謙】